3r6n

Structural highlights

Disease

[DESP_HUMAN] Defects in DSP are the cause of palmoplantar keratoderma striate type 2 (SPPK2) [MIM:612908]; also known as keratosis palmoplantaris striata II. SPPK2 is characterized by skin thickening in the palms (linear pattern) and the soles (island-like pattern) and flexor aspect of the fingers. Abnormalities of the nails, the teeth and the hair are rarely present.^[1] Defects in DSP are the cause of cardiomyopathy dilated with woolly hair and keratoderma (DCWHK) [MIM:605676]; also known as Carvajal syndrome or palmoplantar keratoderma with left ventricular cardiomyopathy and woolly hair. DCWHK is an autosomal recessive cardiocutaneous syndrome characterized by a generalized striate keratoderma particularly affecting the palmoplantar epidermis, woolly hair, and dilated left ventricular cardiomyopathy.^[2] Defects in DSP are the cause of familial arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia type 8 (ARVD8) [MIM:607450]; also known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy 8 (ARVC8). ARVD is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by partial degeneration of the myocardium of the right ventricle, electrical instability, and sudden death. It is clinically defined by electrocardiographic and angiographic criteria; pathologic findings, replacement of ventricular myocardium with fatty and fibrous elements, preferentially involve the right ventricular free wall.^{[3] [4] [5]} Defects in DSP are the cause of skin fragility-woolly hair syndrome (SFWHS) [MIM:607655]. SFWHS is an autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by focal and diffuse palmoplantar keratoderma, hyperkeratotic plaques on the trunk and limbs, and woolly hair with varying degrees of alopecia.^[6] Defects in DSP are the cause of epidermolysis bullosa lethal acantholytic (EBLA) [MIM:609638]. EBLA is characterized by severe fragility of skin and mucous membranes. The phenotype is lethal in the neonatal period because of immense transcutaneous fluid loss. Typical features include universal alopecia, neonatal teeth, and nail loss. Histopathology of the skin shows suprabasal clefting and acantholysis throughout the spinous layer, mimicking pemphigus.

Function

[DESP_HUMAN] Major high molecular weight protein of desmosomes. Involved in the organization of the desmosomal cadherin-plakoglobin complexes into discrete plasma membrane domains and in the anchoring of intermediate filaments to the desmosomes.

References

1. ↑ Armstrong DK, McKenna KE, Purkis PE, Green KJ, Eady RA, Leigh IM, Hughes AE. Haploinsufficiency of desmoplakin causes a striate subtype of palmoplantar keratoderma. Hum Mol Genet. 1999 Jan;8(1):143-8. PMID:9887343
2. ↑ Norgett EE, Hatsell SJ, Carvajal-Huerta L, Cabezas JC, Common J, Purkis PE, Whittock N, Leigh IM, Stevens HP, Kelsell DP. Recessive mutation in desmoplakin disrupts desmoplakin-intermediate filament interactions and causes dilated cardiomyopathy, woolly hair and keratoderma. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 Nov 1;9(18):2761-6. PMID:11063735
3. ↑ Rampazzo A, Nava A, Malacrida S, Beffagna G, Bauce B, Rossi V, Zimbello R, Simionati B, Basso C, Thiene G, Towbin JA, Danieli GA. Mutation in human desmoplakin domain binding to plakoglobin causes a dominant form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Am J Hum Genet. 2002 Nov;71(5):1200-6. Epub 2002 Oct 8. PMID:12373648 doi:S0002-9297(07)60414-5
4. ↑ Bauce B, Basso C, Rampazzo A, Beffagna G, Daliento L, Frigo G, Malacrida S, Settimo L, Danieli G, Thiene G, Nava A. Clinical profile of four families with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by dominant desmoplakin mutations. Eur Heart J. 2005 Aug;26(16):1666-75. Epub 2005 Jun 7. PMID:15941723 doi:ehi341
5. ↑ den Haan AD, Tan BY, Zikusoka MN, Llado LI, Jain R, Daly A, Tichnell C, James C, Amat-Alarcon N, Abraham T, Russell SD, Bluemke DA, Calkins H, Dalal D, Judge DP. Comprehensive desmosome mutation analysis in north americans with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009 Oct;2(5):428-35. doi:, 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.858217. Epub 2009 Jun 3. PMID:20031617 doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.858217
6. ↑ Whittock NV, Wan H, Morley SM, Garzon MC, Kristal L, Hyde P, McLean WH, Pulkkinen L, Uitto J, Christiano AM, Eady RA, McGrath JA. Compound heterozygosity for non-sense and mis-sense mutations in desmoplakin underlies skin fragility/woolly hair syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Feb;118(2):232-8. PMID:11841538 doi:1664
7. ↑ Choi HJ, Weis WI. Crystal structure of a rigid four-spectrin-repeat fragment of the human desmoplakin plakin domain. J Mol Biol. 2011 Jun 24;409(5):800-12. Epub 2011 Apr 22. PMID:21536047 doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.04.046