| Structural highlights
Function
[KDM1A_HUMAN] Histone demethylase that demethylates both 'Lys-4' (H3K4me) and 'Lys-9' (H3K9me) of histone H3, thereby acting as a coactivator or a corepressor, depending on the context. Acts by oxidizing the substrate by FAD to generate the corresponding imine that is subsequently hydrolyzed. Acts as a corepressor by mediating demethylation of H3K4me, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Demethylates both mono- (H3K4me1) and di-methylated (H3K4me2) H3K4me. May play a role in the repression of neuronal genes. Alone, it is unable to demethylate H3K4me on nucleosomes and requires the presence of RCOR1/CoREST to achieve such activity. Also acts as a coactivator of androgen receptor (ANDR)-dependent transcription, by being recruited to ANDR target genes and mediating demethylation of H3K9me, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional repression. The presence of PRKCB in ANDR-containing complexes, which mediates phosphorylation of 'Thr-6' of histone H3 (H3T6ph), a specific tag that prevents demethylation H3K4me, prevents H3K4me demethylase activity of KDM1A. Demethylates di-methylated 'Lys-370' of p53/TP53 which prevents interaction of p53/TP53 with TP53BP1 and represses p53/TP53-mediated transcriptional activation. Demethylates and stabilizes the DNA methylase DNMT1. Required for gastrulation during embryogenesis. Component of a RCOR/GFI/KDM1A/HDAC complex that suppresses, via histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment, a number of genes implicated in multilineage blood cell development.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [RCOR1_HUMAN] Essential component of the BHC complex, a corepressor complex that represses transcription of neuron-specific genes in non-neuronal cells. The BHC complex is recruited at RE1/NRSE sites by REST and acts by deacetylating and demethylating specific sites on histones, thereby acting as a chromatin modifier. In the BHC complex, it serves as a molecular beacon for the recruitment of molecular machinery, including MeCP2 and SUV39H1, that imposes silencing across a chromosomal interval. Plays a central role in demethylation of Lys-4 of histone H3 by promoting demethylase activity of KDM1A on core histones and nucleosomal substrates. It also protects KDM1A from the proteasome. Component of a RCOR/GFI/KDM1A/HDAC complex that suppresses, via histone deacetylase (HDAC) recruitment, a number of genes implicated in multilineage blood cell development and controls hematopoietic differentiation.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Histone demethylase KDM1A (also known as LSD1) has become an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer as well as other disorders such as viral infections. We report on the synthesis of compounds derived from the expansion of tranylcypromine as a chemical scaffold for the design of novel demethylase inhibitors. These compounds, which are substituted on the cyclopropyl core moiety, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit KDM1A in vitro as well as to function in cells by modulating the expression of Gfi-1b, a well recognized KDM1A target gene. The molecules were all found to covalently inhibit KDM1A and to become increasingly selective against human monoamine oxidases MAO A and MAO B through the introduction of bulkier substituents on the cyclopropylamine ring. Structural and biochemical analysis of selected trans isomers showed that the two stereoisomers are endowed with similar inhibitory activities against KDM1A, but form different covalent adducts with the FAD co-enzyme.
Synthesis, biological activity and mechanistic insights of 1-substituted cyclopropylamine derivatives: A novel class of irreversible inhibitors of histone demethylase KDM1A.,Vianello P, Botrugno OA, Cappa A, Ciossani G, Dessanti P, Mai A, Mattevi A, Meroni G, Minucci S, Thaler F, Tortorici M, Trifiro P, Valente S, Villa M, Varasi M, Mercurio C Eur J Med Chem. 2014 Aug 27;86C:352-363. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.068. PMID:25173853[13]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Hakimi MA, Bochar DA, Chenoweth J, Lane WS, Mandel G, Shiekhattar R. A core-BRAF35 complex containing histone deacetylase mediates repression of neuronal-specific genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 28;99(11):7420-5. PMID:12032298 doi:10.1073/pnas.112008599
- ↑ Shi Y, Lan F, Matson C, Mulligan P, Whetstine JR, Cole PA, Casero RA, Shi Y. Histone demethylation mediated by the nuclear amine oxidase homolog LSD1. Cell. 2004 Dec 29;119(7):941-53. PMID:15620353 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2004.12.012
- ↑ Metzger E, Wissmann M, Yin N, Muller JM, Schneider R, Peters AH, Gunther T, Buettner R, Schule R. LSD1 demethylates repressive histone marks to promote androgen-receptor-dependent transcription. Nature. 2005 Sep 15;437(7057):436-9. Epub 2005 Aug 3. PMID:16079795 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04020
- ↑ Huang J, Sengupta R, Espejo AB, Lee MG, Dorsey JA, Richter M, Opravil S, Shiekhattar R, Bedford MT, Jenuwein T, Berger SL. p53 is regulated by the lysine demethylase LSD1. Nature. 2007 Sep 6;449(7158):105-8. PMID:17805299 doi:nature06092
- ↑ Metzger E, Imhof A, Patel D, Kahl P, Hoffmeyer K, Friedrichs N, Muller JM, Greschik H, Kirfel J, Ji S, Kunowska N, Beisenherz-Huss C, Gunther T, Buettner R, Schule R. Phosphorylation of histone H3T6 by PKCbeta(I) controls demethylation at histone H3K4. Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):792-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08839. Epub 2010 Mar 14. PMID:20228790 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature08839
- ↑ Ballas N, Battaglioli E, Atouf F, Andres ME, Chenoweth J, Anderson ME, Burger C, Moniwa M, Davie JR, Bowers WJ, Federoff HJ, Rose DW, Rosenfeld MG, Brehm P, Mandel G. Regulation of neuronal traits by a novel transcriptional complex. Neuron. 2001 Aug 16;31(3):353-65. PMID:11516394
- ↑ You A, Tong JK, Grozinger CM, Schreiber SL. CoREST is an integral component of the CoREST- human histone deacetylase complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Feb 13;98(4):1454-8. PMID:11171972 doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.1454
- ↑ Hakimi MA, Bochar DA, Chenoweth J, Lane WS, Mandel G, Shiekhattar R. A core-BRAF35 complex containing histone deacetylase mediates repression of neuronal-specific genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 May 28;99(11):7420-5. PMID:12032298 doi:10.1073/pnas.112008599
- ↑ Lunyak VV, Burgess R, Prefontaine GG, Nelson C, Sze SH, Chenoweth J, Schwartz P, Pevzner PA, Glass C, Mandel G, Rosenfeld MG. Corepressor-dependent silencing of chromosomal regions encoding neuronal genes. Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1747-52. Epub 2002 Oct 24. PMID:12399542 doi:10.1126/science.1076469
- ↑ Hakimi MA, Dong Y, Lane WS, Speicher DW, Shiekhattar R. A candidate X-linked mental retardation gene is a component of a new family of histone deacetylase-containing complexes. J Biol Chem. 2003 Feb 28;278(9):7234-9. Epub 2002 Dec 18. PMID:12493763 doi:10.1074/jbc.M208992200
- ↑ Shi YJ, Matson C, Lan F, Iwase S, Baba T, Shi Y. Regulation of LSD1 histone demethylase activity by its associated factors. Mol Cell. 2005 Sep 16;19(6):857-64. PMID:16140033 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2005.08.027
- ↑ Lee MG, Wynder C, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R. An essential role for CoREST in nucleosomal histone 3 lysine 4 demethylation. Nature. 2005 Sep 15;437(7057):432-5. Epub 2005 Aug 3. PMID:16079794 doi:10.1038/nature04021
- ↑ Vianello P, Botrugno OA, Cappa A, Ciossani G, Dessanti P, Mai A, Mattevi A, Meroni G, Minucci S, Thaler F, Tortorici M, Trifiro P, Valente S, Villa M, Varasi M, Mercurio C. Synthesis, biological activity and mechanistic insights of 1-substituted cyclopropylamine derivatives: A novel class of irreversible inhibitors of histone demethylase KDM1A. Eur J Med Chem. 2014 Aug 27;86C:352-363. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.068. PMID:25173853 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.068
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