| Structural highlights
Disease
[SRC_HUMAN] Note=SRC kinase activity has been shown to be increased in several tumor tissues and tumor cell lines such as colon carcinoma cells. [ITB3_HUMAN] Defects in ITGB3 are a cause of Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT) [MIM:273800]; also known as thrombasthenia of Glanzmann and Naegeli. GT is the most common inherited disease of platelets. It is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by mucocutaneous bleeding of mild-to-moderate severity and the inability of this integrin to recognize macromolecular or synthetic peptide ligands. GT has been classified clinically into types I and II. In type I, platelets show absence of the glycoprotein IIb/beta-3 complexes at their surface and lack fibrinogen and clot retraction capability. In type II, the platelets express the glycoprotein IIb/beta-3 complex at reduced levels (5-20% controls), have detectable amounts of fibrinogen, and have low or moderate clot retraction capability. The platelets of GT 'variants' have normal or near normal (60-100%) expression of dysfunctional receptors.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
Function
[SRC_HUMAN] Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors including immune response receptors, integrins and other adhesion receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Participates in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of biological activities including gene transcription, immune response, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and transformation. Due to functional redundancy between members of the SRC kinase family, identification of the specific role of each SRC kinase is very difficult. SRC appears to be one of the primary kinases activated following engagement of receptors and plays a role in the activation of other protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) families. Receptor clustering or dimerization leads to recruitment of SRC to the receptor complexes where it phosphorylates the tyrosine residues within the receptor cytoplasmic domains. Plays an important role in the regulation of cytoskeletal organization through phosphorylation of specific substrates such as AFAP1. Phosphorylation of AFAP1 allows the SRC SH2 domain to bind AFAP1 and to localize to actin filaments. Cytoskeletal reorganization is also controlled through the phosphorylation of cortactin (CTTN). When cells adhere via focal adhesions to the extracellular matrix, signals are transmitted by integrins into the cell resulting in tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of focal adhesion proteins, including PTK2/FAK1 and paxillin (PXN). In addition to phosphorylating focal adhesion proteins, SRC is also active at the sites of cell-cell contact adherens junctions and phosphorylates substrates such as beta-catenin (CTNNB1), delta-catenin (CTNND1), and plakoglobin (JUP). Another type of cell-cell junction, the gap junction, is also a target for SRC, which phosphorylates connexin-43 (GJA1). SRC is implicated in regulation of pre-mRNA-processing and phosphorylates RNA-binding proteins such as KHDRBS1. Also plays a role in PDGF-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of both STAT1 and STAT3, leading to increased DNA binding activity of these transcription factors. Involved in the RAS pathway through phosphorylation of RASA1 and RASGRF1. Plays a role in EGF-mediated calcium-activated chloride channel activation. Required for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) internalization through phosphorylation of clathrin heavy chain (CLTC and CLTCL1) at 'Tyr-1477'. Involved in beta-arrestin (ARRB1 and ARRB2) desensitization through phosphorylation and activation of ADRBK1, leading to beta-arrestin phosphorylation and internalization. Has a critical role in the stimulation of the CDK20/MAPK3 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade by epidermal growth factor. Might be involved not only in mediating the transduction of mitogenic signals at the level of the plasma membrane but also in controlling progression through the cell cycle via interaction with regulatory proteins in the nucleus. Plays an important role in osteoclastic bone resorption in conjunction with PTK2B/PYK2. Both the formation of a SRC-PTK2B/PYK2 complex and SRC kinase activity are necessary for this function. Recruited to activated integrins by PTK2B/PYK2, thereby phosphorylating CBL, which in turn induces the activation and recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the cell membrane in a signaling pathway that is critical for osteoclast function. Promotes energy production in osteoclasts by activating mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase. Phosphorylates DDR2 on tyrosine residues, thereby promoting its subsequent autophosphorylation. Phosphorylates RUNX3 and COX2 on tyrosine residues, TNK2 on 'Tyr-284' and CBL on 'Tyr-731'. Enhances DDX58/RIG-I-elicited antiviral signaling. Phosphorylates PDPK1 at 'Tyr-9', 'Tyr-373' and 'Tyr-376'. Phosphorylates BCAR1 at 'Tyr-128'.[18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [ITB3_HUMAN] Integrin alpha-V/beta-3 is a receptor for cytotactin, fibronectin, laminin, matrix metalloproteinase-2, osteopontin, osteomodulin, prothrombin, thrombospondin, vitronectin and von Willebrand factor. Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 is a receptor for fibronectin, fibrinogen, plasminogen, prothrombin, thrombospondin and vitronectin. Integrins alpha-IIb/beta-3 and alpha-V/beta-3 recognize the sequence R-G-D in a wide array of ligands. Integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 recognizes the sequence H-H-L-G-G-G-A-K-Q-A-G-D-V in fibrinogen gamma chain. Following activation integrin alpha-IIb/beta-3 brings about platelet/platelet interaction through binding of soluble fibrinogen. This step leads to rapid platelet aggregation which physically plugs ruptured endothelial surface. In case of HIV-1 infection, the interaction with extracellular viral Tat protein seems to enhance angiogenesis in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The integrin beta3-mediated c-Src priming and activation, via the SH3 domain, is consistently associated with diseases such as the formation of thrombosis and the migration of tumor cells. Conventionally, activation of c-Src is often induced by the binding of proline-rich sequences to its SH3 domain. Instead, integrin beta3 utilizes R(760)GT(762) for priming and activation. Due to the lack of structural information, it is not clear where RGT will bind to SH3, and under what mechanism this interaction can prime/activate c-Src. In this study, we present a 2.0 A X-ray crystal structure in which SH3 is complexed with the RGT peptide. The binding site lies in the "N"-Src loop of the SH3 domain. Structure-based site-directed mutagenesis showed that perturbation on the "N"-Src loop disrupts the interaction between the SH3 domain and the RGT peptide. Furthermore, the simulated c-Src:beta3 complex based on the crystal structure of SH3:RGT suggests that the binding of the RGT peptide might disrupt the intra-molecular interaction between the SH3 and linker domains, leading to the disengagement of Trp260:"C"-Helix and further activation of c-Src.
Structural framework of c-Src activation by integrin beta3.,Xiao R, Xi XD, Chen Z, Chen SJ, Meng G Blood. 2012 Nov 20. PMID:23169783[33]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Loftus JC, O'Toole TE, Plow EF, Glass A, Frelinger AL 3rd, Ginsberg MH. A beta 3 integrin mutation abolishes ligand binding and alters divalent cation-dependent conformation. Science. 1990 Aug 24;249(4971):915-8. PMID:2392682
- ↑ Bajt ML, Ginsberg MH, Frelinger AL 3rd, Berndt MC, Loftus JC. A spontaneous mutation of integrin alpha IIb beta 3 (platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa) helps define a ligand binding site. J Biol Chem. 1992 Feb 25;267(6):3789-94. PMID:1371279
- ↑ Lanza F, Stierle A, Fournier D, Morales M, Andre G, Nurden AT, Cazenave JP. A new variant of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (Strasbourg I). Platelets with functionally defective glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complexes and a glycoprotein IIIa 214Arg----214Trp mutation. J Clin Invest. 1992 Jun;89(6):1995-2004. PMID:1602006 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI115808
- ↑ Chen YP, Djaffar I, Pidard D, Steiner B, Cieutat AM, Caen JP, Rosa JP. Ser-752-->Pro mutation in the cytoplasmic domain of integrin beta 3 subunit and defective activation of platelet integrin alpha IIb beta 3 (glycoprotein IIb-IIIa) in a variant of Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Nov 1;89(21):10169-73. PMID:1438206
- ↑ Grimaldi CM, Chen F, Scudder LE, Coller BS, French DL. A Cys374Tyr homozygous mutation of platelet glycoprotein IIIa (beta 3) in a Chinese patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Blood. 1996 Sep 1;88(5):1666-75. PMID:8781422
- ↑ Basani RB, Brown DL, Vilaire G, Bennett JS, Poncz M. A Leu117-->Trp mutation within the RGD-peptide cross-linking region of beta3 results in Glanzmann thrombasthenia by preventing alphaIIb beta3 export to the platelet surface. Blood. 1997 Oct 15;90(8):3082-8. PMID:9376589
- ↑ French DL, Coller BS. Hematologically important mutations: Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 1997;23(1):39-51. PMID:9215749 doi:10.1006/bcmd.1997.0117
- ↑ Ambo H, Kamata T, Handa M, Taki M, Kuwajima M, Kawai Y, Oda A, Murata M, Takada Y, Watanabe K, Ikeda Y. Three novel integrin beta3 subunit missense mutations (H280P, C560F, and G579S) in thrombasthenia, including one (H280P) prevalent in Japanese patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998 Oct 29;251(3):763-8. PMID:9790984 doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9526
- ↑ Jackson DE, White MM, Jennings LK, Newman PJ. A Ser162-->Leu mutation within glycoprotein (GP) IIIa (integrin beta3) results in an unstable alphaIIbbeta3 complex that retains partial function in a novel form of type II Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Thromb Haemost. 1998 Jul;80(1):42-8. PMID:9684783
- ↑ Ruan J, Schmugge M, Clemetson KJ, Cazes E, Combrie R, Bourre F, Nurden AT. Homozygous Cys542-->Arg substitution in GPIIIa in a Swiss patient with type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Br J Haematol. 1999 May;105(2):523-31. PMID:10233432
- ↑ Ruiz C, Liu CY, Sun QH, Sigaud-Fiks M, Fressinaud E, Muller JY, Nurden P, Nurden AT, Newman PJ, Valentin N. A point mutation in the cysteine-rich domain of glycoprotein (GP) IIIa results in the expression of a GPIIb-IIIa (alphaIIbbeta3) integrin receptor locked in a high-affinity state and a Glanzmann thrombasthenia-like phenotype. Blood. 2001 Oct 15;98(8):2432-41. PMID:11588040
- ↑ Nurden AT, Ruan J, Pasquet JM, Gauthier B, Combrie R, Kunicki T, Nurden P. A novel 196Leu to Pro substitution in the beta3 subunit of the alphaIIbbeta3 integrin in a patient with a variant form of Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Platelets. 2002 Mar;13(2):101-11. PMID:11897046 doi:10.1080/09537100220122466
- ↑ D'Andrea G, Colaizzo D, Vecchione G, Grandone E, Di Minno G, Margaglione M. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: identification of 19 new mutations in 30 patients. Thromb Haemost. 2002 Jun;87(6):1034-42. PMID:12083483
- ↑ Nair S, Li J, Mitchell WB, Mohanty D, Coller BS, French DL. Two new beta3 integrin mutations in Indian patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia: localization of mutations affecting cysteine residues in integrin beta3. Thromb Haemost. 2002 Sep;88(3):503-9. PMID:12353082 doi:10.1267/THRO88030503
- ↑ Gonzalez-Manchon C, Butta N, Larrucea S, Arias-Salgado EG, Alonso S, Lopez A, Parrilla R. A variant thrombasthenic phenotype associated with compound heterozygosity of integrin beta3-subunit: (Met124Val)beta3 alters the subunit dimerization rendering a decreased number of constitutive active alphaIIbbeta3 receptors. Thromb Haemost. 2004 Dec;92(6):1377-86. PMID:15583747 doi:04121377
- ↑ Tanaka S, Hayashi T, Yoshimura K, Nakayama M, Fujita T, Amano T, Tani Y. Double heterozygosity for a novel missense mutation of Ile304 to Asn in addition to the missense mutation His280 to Pro in the integrin beta3 gene as a cause of the absence of platelet alphaIIbbeta3 in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jan;3(1):68-73. PMID:15634267 doi:JTH990
- ↑ Nair S, Ghosh K, Shetty S, Mohanty D. Mutations in GPIIIa molecule as a cause for Glanzmann thrombasthenia in Indian patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Mar;3(3):482-8. PMID:15748237 doi:JTH1159
- ↑ Rosen N, Bolen JB, Schwartz AM, Cohen P, DeSeau V, Israel MA. Analysis of pp60c-src protein kinase activity in human tumor cell lines and tissues. J Biol Chem. 1986 Oct 15;261(29):13754-9. PMID:3093483
- ↑ Cartwright CA, Kamps MP, Meisler AI, Pipas JM, Eckhart W. pp60c-src activation in human colon carcinoma. J Clin Invest. 1989 Jun;83(6):2025-33. PMID:2498394 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI114113
- ↑ David-Pfeuty T, Nouvian-Dooghe Y. Highly specific antibody to Rous sarcoma virus src gene product recognizes nuclear and nucleolar antigens in human cells. J Virol. 1995 Mar;69(3):1699-713. PMID:7853507
- ↑ Rabinowich H, Manciulea M, Metes D, Sulica A, Herberman RB, Corey SJ, Whiteside TL. Physical and functional association of Fc mu receptor on human natural killer cells with the zeta- and Fc epsilon RI gamma-chains and with src family protein tyrosine kinases. J Immunol. 1996 Aug 15;157(4):1485-91. PMID:8759729
- ↑ Grano M, Galimi F, Zambonin G, Colucci S, Cottone E, Zallone AZ, Comoglio PM. Hepatocyte growth factor is a coupling factor for osteoclasts and osteoblasts in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Jul 23;93(15):7644-8. PMID:8755529
- ↑ Giglione C, Gonfloni S, Parmeggiani A. Differential actions of p60c-Src and Lck kinases on the Ras regulators p120-GAP and GDP/GTP exchange factor CDC25Mm. Eur J Biochem. 2001 Jun;268(11):3275-83. PMID:11389730
- ↑ Miyazaki T, Neff L, Tanaka S, Horne WC, Baron R. Regulation of cytochrome c oxidase activity by c-Src in osteoclasts. J Cell Biol. 2003 Mar 3;160(5):709-18. PMID:12615910 doi:10.1083/jcb.200209098
- ↑ Taniyama Y, Weber DS, Rocic P, Hilenski L, Akers ML, Park J, Hemmings BA, Alexander RW, Griendling KK. Pyk2- and Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PDK1 regulates focal adhesions. Mol Cell Biol. 2003 Nov;23(22):8019-29. PMID:14585963
- ↑ Yang K, Kim JH, Kim HJ, Park IS, Kim IY, Yang BS. Tyrosine 740 phosphorylation of discoidin domain receptor 2 by Src stimulates intramolecular autophosphorylation and Shc signaling complex formation. J Biol Chem. 2005 Nov 25;280(47):39058-66. Epub 2005 Sep 26. PMID:16186108 doi:10.1074/jbc.M506921200
- ↑ Jeulin C, Seltzer V, Bailbe D, Andreau K, Marano F. EGF mediates calcium-activated chloride channel activation in the human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE14o-: involvement of tyrosine kinase p60c-src. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2008 Sep;295(3):L489-96. doi:, 10.1152/ajplung.90282.2008. Epub 2008 Jun 27. PMID:18586953 doi:10.1152/ajplung.90282.2008
- ↑ Johnsen IB, Nguyen TT, Bergstroem B, Fitzgerald KA, Anthonsen MW. The tyrosine kinase c-Src enhances RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I)-elicited antiviral signaling. J Biol Chem. 2009 Jul 10;284(28):19122-31. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M808233200. Epub 2009, May 6. PMID:19419966 doi:10.1074/jbc.M808233200
- ↑ Goh YM, Cinghu S, Hong ET, Lee YS, Kim JH, Jang JW, Li YH, Chi XZ, Lee KS, Wee H, Ito Y, Oh BC, Bae SC. Src kinase phosphorylates RUNX3 at tyrosine residues and localizes the protein in the cytoplasm. J Biol Chem. 2010 Mar 26;285(13):10122-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.071381. Epub 2010, Jan 25. PMID:20100835 doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.071381
- ↑ Chan W, Sit ST, Manser E. The Cdc42-associated kinase ACK1 is not autoinhibited but requires Src for activation. Biochem J. 2011 Apr 15;435(2):355-64. doi: 10.1042/BJ20102156. PMID:21309750 doi:10.1042/BJ20102156
- ↑ Wang Y, Cao H, Chen J, McNiven MA. A direct interaction between the large GTPase dynamin-2 and FAK regulates focal adhesion dynamics in response to active Src. Mol Biol Cell. 2011 May;22(9):1529-38. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E10-09-0785. Epub 2011, Mar 16. PMID:21411625 doi:10.1091/mbc.E10-09-0785
- ↑ Zhang P, Guo A, Possemato A, Wang C, Beard L, Carlin C, Markowitz SD, Polakiewicz RD, Wang Z. Identification and functional characterization of p130Cas as a substrate of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor 14. Oncogene. 2012 Jun 18. doi: 10.1038/onc.2012.220. PMID:22710723 doi:10.1038/onc.2012.220
- ↑ Xiao R, Xi XD, Chen Z, Chen SJ, Meng G. Structural framework of c-Src activation by integrin beta3. Blood. 2012 Nov 20. PMID:23169783 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2012-07-440644
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