| Structural highlights
Disease
[CSF1R_HUMAN] Note=Aberrant expression of CSF1 or CSF1R can promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion and formation of metastases. Overexpression of CSF1 or CSF1R is observed in a significant percentage of breast, ovarian, prostate, and endometrial cancers.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Note=Aberrant expression of CSF1 or CSF1R may play a role in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and allograft rejection.[7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] Defects in CSF1R are the cause of leukoencephalopathy, diffuse hereditary, with spheroids (HDLS) [MIM:221820]. An autosomal dominant adult-onset rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by variable behavioral, cognitive, and motor changes. Patients often die of dementia within 6 years of onset. Brain imaging shows patchy abnormalities in the cerebral white matter, predominantly affecting the frontal and parietal lobes.[13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]
Function
[CSF1R_HUMAN] Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for CSF1 and IL34 and plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. Promotes the release of proinflammatory chemokines in response to IL34 and CSF1, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone and tooth development. Required for normal male and female fertility, and for normal development of milk ducts and acinar structures in the mammary gland during pregnancy. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration, and promotes cancer cell invasion. Activates several signaling pathways in response to ligand binding. Phosphorylates PIK3R1, PLCG2, GRB2, SLA2 and CBL. Activation of PLCG2 leads to the production of the cellular signaling molecules diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, that then lead to the activation of protein kinase C family members, especially PRKCD. Phosphorylation of PIK3R1, the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, leads to activation of the AKT1 signaling pathway. Activated CSF1R also mediates activation of the MAP kinases MAPK1/ERK2 and/or MAPK3/ERK1, and of the SRC family kinases SRC, FYN and YES1. Activated CSF1R transmits signals both via proteins that directly interact with phosphorylated tyrosine residues in its intracellular domain, or via adapter proteins, such as GRB2. Promotes activation of STAT family members STAT3, STAT5A and/or STAT5B. Promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of SHC1 and INPP5D/SHIP-1. Receptor signaling is down-regulated by protein phosphatases, such as INPP5D/SHIP-1, that dephosphorylate the receptor and its downstream effectors, and by rapid internalization of the activated receptor.[20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
BACKGROUND: Expression of the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene is elevated in most tenosynovial giant-cell tumors. This observation has led to the discovery and clinical development of therapy targeting the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R). METHODS: Using x-ray co-crystallography to guide our drug-discovery research, we generated a potent, selective CSF1R inhibitor, PLX3397, that traps the kinase in the autoinhibited conformation. We then conducted a multicenter, phase 1 trial in two parts to analyze this compound. In the first part, we evaluated escalations in the dose of PLX3397 that was administered orally in patients with solid tumors (dose-escalation study). In the second part, we evaluated PLX3397 at the chosen phase 2 dose in an extension cohort of patients with tenosynovial giant-cell tumors (extension study). Pharmacokinetic and tumor responses in the enrolled patients were assessed, and CSF1 in situ hybridization was performed to confirm the mechanism of action of PLX3397 and that the pattern of CSF1 expression was consistent with the pathological features of tenosynovial giant-cell tumor. RESULTS: A total of 41 patients were enrolled in the dose-escalation study, and an additional 23 patients were enrolled in the extension study. The chosen phase 2 dose of PLX3397 was 1000 mg per day. In the extension study, 12 patients with tenosynovial giant-cell tumors had a partial response and 7 patients had stable disease. Responses usually occurred within the first 4 months of treatment, and the median duration of response exceeded 8 months. The most common adverse events included fatigue, change in hair color, nausea, dysgeusia, and periorbital edema; adverse events rarely led to discontinuation of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of tenosynovial giant-cell tumors with PLX3397 resulted in a prolonged regression in tumor volume in most patients. (Funded by Plexxikon; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01004861.).
Structure-Guided Blockade of CSF1R Kinase in Tenosynovial Giant-Cell Tumor.,Tap WD, Wainberg ZA, Anthony SP, Ibrahim PN, Zhang C, Healey JH, Chmielowski B, Staddon AP, Cohn AL, Shapiro GI, Keedy VL, Singh AS, Puzanov I, Kwak EL, Wagner AJ, Von Hoff DD, Weiss GJ, Ramanathan RK, Zhang J, Habets G, Zhang Y, Burton EA, Visor G, Sanftner L, Severson P, Nguyen H, Kim MJ, Marimuthu A, Tsang G, Shellooe R, Gee C, West BL, Hirth P, Nolop K, van de Rijn M, Hsu HH, Peterfy C, Lin PS, Tong-Starksen S, Bollag G N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 30;373(5):428-37. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411366. PMID:26222558[34]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Wrobel CN, Debnath J, Lin E, Beausoleil S, Roussel MF, Brugge JS. Autocrine CSF-1R activation promotes Src-dependent disruption of mammary epithelial architecture. J Cell Biol. 2004 Apr 26;165(2):263-73. PMID:15117969 doi:10.1083/jcb.200309102
- ↑ Guo J, Marcotte PA, McCall JO, Dai Y, Pease LJ, Michaelides MR, Davidsen SK, Glaser KB. Inhibition of phosphorylation of the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (c-Fms) tyrosine kinase in transfected cells by ABT-869 and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Apr;5(4):1007-13. PMID:16648572 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0359
- ↑ Ohno H, Kubo K, Murooka H, Kobayashi Y, Nishitoba T, Shibuya M, Yoneda T, Isoe T. A c-fms tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Ki20227, suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone destruction in a bone metastasis model. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Nov;5(11):2634-43. PMID:17121910 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0313
- ↑ Hiraga T, Nakamura H. Imatinib mesylate suppresses bone metastases of breast cancer by inhibiting osteoclasts through the blockade of c-Fms signals. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jan 1;124(1):215-22. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23903. PMID:18814279 doi:10.1002/ijc.23903
- ↑ Patsialou A, Wyckoff J, Wang Y, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Condeelis JS. Invasion of human breast cancer cells in vivo requires both paracrine and autocrine loops involving the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 15;69(24):9498-506. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868. Epub, . PMID:19934330 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868
- ↑ Chitu V, Stanley ER. Colony-stimulating factor-1 in immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Feb;18(1):39-48. Epub 2005 Dec 6. PMID:16337366 doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.006
- ↑ Wrobel CN, Debnath J, Lin E, Beausoleil S, Roussel MF, Brugge JS. Autocrine CSF-1R activation promotes Src-dependent disruption of mammary epithelial architecture. J Cell Biol. 2004 Apr 26;165(2):263-73. PMID:15117969 doi:10.1083/jcb.200309102
- ↑ Guo J, Marcotte PA, McCall JO, Dai Y, Pease LJ, Michaelides MR, Davidsen SK, Glaser KB. Inhibition of phosphorylation of the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (c-Fms) tyrosine kinase in transfected cells by ABT-869 and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Apr;5(4):1007-13. PMID:16648572 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0359
- ↑ Ohno H, Kubo K, Murooka H, Kobayashi Y, Nishitoba T, Shibuya M, Yoneda T, Isoe T. A c-fms tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Ki20227, suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone destruction in a bone metastasis model. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Nov;5(11):2634-43. PMID:17121910 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0313
- ↑ Hiraga T, Nakamura H. Imatinib mesylate suppresses bone metastases of breast cancer by inhibiting osteoclasts through the blockade of c-Fms signals. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jan 1;124(1):215-22. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23903. PMID:18814279 doi:10.1002/ijc.23903
- ↑ Patsialou A, Wyckoff J, Wang Y, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Condeelis JS. Invasion of human breast cancer cells in vivo requires both paracrine and autocrine loops involving the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 15;69(24):9498-506. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868. Epub, . PMID:19934330 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868
- ↑ Chitu V, Stanley ER. Colony-stimulating factor-1 in immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Feb;18(1):39-48. Epub 2005 Dec 6. PMID:16337366 doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.006
- ↑ Wrobel CN, Debnath J, Lin E, Beausoleil S, Roussel MF, Brugge JS. Autocrine CSF-1R activation promotes Src-dependent disruption of mammary epithelial architecture. J Cell Biol. 2004 Apr 26;165(2):263-73. PMID:15117969 doi:10.1083/jcb.200309102
- ↑ Guo J, Marcotte PA, McCall JO, Dai Y, Pease LJ, Michaelides MR, Davidsen SK, Glaser KB. Inhibition of phosphorylation of the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (c-Fms) tyrosine kinase in transfected cells by ABT-869 and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Apr;5(4):1007-13. PMID:16648572 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0359
- ↑ Ohno H, Kubo K, Murooka H, Kobayashi Y, Nishitoba T, Shibuya M, Yoneda T, Isoe T. A c-fms tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Ki20227, suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone destruction in a bone metastasis model. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Nov;5(11):2634-43. PMID:17121910 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0313
- ↑ Hiraga T, Nakamura H. Imatinib mesylate suppresses bone metastases of breast cancer by inhibiting osteoclasts through the blockade of c-Fms signals. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jan 1;124(1):215-22. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23903. PMID:18814279 doi:10.1002/ijc.23903
- ↑ Patsialou A, Wyckoff J, Wang Y, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Condeelis JS. Invasion of human breast cancer cells in vivo requires both paracrine and autocrine loops involving the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 15;69(24):9498-506. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868. Epub, . PMID:19934330 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868
- ↑ Chitu V, Stanley ER. Colony-stimulating factor-1 in immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Feb;18(1):39-48. Epub 2005 Dec 6. PMID:16337366 doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.006
- ↑ Rademakers R, Baker M, Nicholson AM, Rutherford NJ, Finch N, Soto-Ortolaza A, Lash J, Wider C, Wojtas A, DeJesus-Hernandez M, Adamson J, Kouri N, Sundal C, Shuster EA, Aasly J, MacKenzie J, Roeber S, Kretzschmar HA, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Cairns NJ, Ghetti B, Spina S, Garbern J, Tselis AC, Uitti R, Das P, Van Gerpen JA, Meschia JF, Levy S, Broderick DF, Graff-Radford N, Ross OA, Miller BB, Swerdlow RH, Dickson DW, Wszolek ZK. Mutations in the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene cause hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids. Nat Genet. 2011 Dec 25;44(2):200-5. doi: 10.1038/ng.1027. PMID:22197934 doi:10.1038/ng.1027
- ↑ Bourette RP, Mouchiroud G, Ouazana R, Morle F, Godet J, Blanchet JP. Expression of human colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) receptor in murine pluripotent hematopoietic NFS-60 cells induces long-term proliferation in response to CSF-1 without loss of erythroid differentiation potential. Blood. 1993 May 15;81(10):2511-20. PMID:7683918
- ↑ Baran CP, Tridandapani S, Helgason CD, Humphries RK, Krystal G, Marsh CB. The inositol 5'-phosphatase SHIP-1 and the Src kinase Lyn negatively regulate macrophage colony-stimulating factor-induced Akt activity. J Biol Chem. 2003 Oct 3;278(40):38628-36. Epub 2003 Jul 25. PMID:12882960 doi:10.1074/jbc.M305021200
- ↑ Wrobel CN, Debnath J, Lin E, Beausoleil S, Roussel MF, Brugge JS. Autocrine CSF-1R activation promotes Src-dependent disruption of mammary epithelial architecture. J Cell Biol. 2004 Apr 26;165(2):263-73. PMID:15117969 doi:10.1083/jcb.200309102
- ↑ Guo J, Marcotte PA, McCall JO, Dai Y, Pease LJ, Michaelides MR, Davidsen SK, Glaser KB. Inhibition of phosphorylation of the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (c-Fms) tyrosine kinase in transfected cells by ABT-869 and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Apr;5(4):1007-13. PMID:16648572 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0359
- ↑ Ohno H, Kubo K, Murooka H, Kobayashi Y, Nishitoba T, Shibuya M, Yoneda T, Isoe T. A c-fms tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Ki20227, suppresses osteoclast differentiation and osteolytic bone destruction in a bone metastasis model. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Nov;5(11):2634-43. PMID:17121910 doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-05-0313
- ↑ Taylor JR, Brownlow N, Domin J, Dibb NJ. FMS receptor for M-CSF (CSF-1) is sensitive to the kinase inhibitor imatinib and mutation of Asp-802 to Val confers resistance. Oncogene. 2006 Jan 5;25(1):147-51. PMID:16170366 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1209007
- ↑ Lin H, Lee E, Hestir K, Leo C, Huang M, Bosch E, Halenbeck R, Wu G, Zhou A, Behrens D, Hollenbaugh D, Linnemann T, Qin M, Wong J, Chu K, Doberstein SK, Williams LT. Discovery of a cytokine and its receptor by functional screening of the extracellular proteome. Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):807-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1154370. PMID:18467591 doi:10.1126/science.1154370
- ↑ Hiraga T, Nakamura H. Imatinib mesylate suppresses bone metastases of breast cancer by inhibiting osteoclasts through the blockade of c-Fms signals. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jan 1;124(1):215-22. doi: 10.1002/ijc.23903. PMID:18814279 doi:10.1002/ijc.23903
- ↑ Patsialou A, Wyckoff J, Wang Y, Goswami S, Stanley ER, Condeelis JS. Invasion of human breast cancer cells in vivo requires both paracrine and autocrine loops involving the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor. Cancer Res. 2009 Dec 15;69(24):9498-506. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868. Epub, . PMID:19934330 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1868
- ↑ Chihara T, Suzu S, Hassan R, Chutiwitoonchai N, Hiyoshi M, Motoyoshi K, Kimura F, Okada S. IL-34 and M-CSF share the receptor Fms but are not identical in biological activity and signal activation. Cell Death Differ. 2010 Dec;17(12):1917-27. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2010.60. Epub 2010, May 21. PMID:20489731 doi:10.1038/cdd.2010.60
- ↑ Eda H, Zhang J, Keith RH, Michener M, Beidler DR, Monahan JB. Macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interleukin-34 induce chemokines in human whole blood. Cytokine. 2010 Dec;52(3):215-20. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.08.005. Epub 2010 Sep, 9. PMID:20829061 doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2010.08.005
- ↑ Wei S, Nandi S, Chitu V, Yeung YG, Yu W, Huang M, Williams LT, Lin H, Stanley ER. Functional overlap but differential expression of CSF-1 and IL-34 in their CSF-1 receptor-mediated regulation of myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2010 Sep;88(3):495-505. doi: 10.1189/jlb.1209822. Epub 2010 May, 26. PMID:20504948 doi:10.1189/jlb.1209822
- ↑ Chitu V, Stanley ER. Colony-stimulating factor-1 in immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006 Feb;18(1):39-48. Epub 2005 Dec 6. PMID:16337366 doi:10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.006
- ↑ Huang H, Hutta DA, Rinker JM, Hu H, Parsons WH, Schubert C, Desjarlais RL, Crysler CS, Chaikin MA, Donatelli RR, Chen Y, Cheng D, Zhou Z, Yurkow E, Manthey CL, Player MR. Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-ones: A Novel Class of Antiinflammatory Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Inhibitors (dagger). J Med Chem. 2009 Feb 4. PMID:19193011 doi:10.1021/jm801406h
- ↑ Tap WD, Wainberg ZA, Anthony SP, Ibrahim PN, Zhang C, Healey JH, Chmielowski B, Staddon AP, Cohn AL, Shapiro GI, Keedy VL, Singh AS, Puzanov I, Kwak EL, Wagner AJ, Von Hoff DD, Weiss GJ, Ramanathan RK, Zhang J, Habets G, Zhang Y, Burton EA, Visor G, Sanftner L, Severson P, Nguyen H, Kim MJ, Marimuthu A, Tsang G, Shellooe R, Gee C, West BL, Hirth P, Nolop K, van de Rijn M, Hsu HH, Peterfy C, Lin PS, Tong-Starksen S, Bollag G. Structure-Guided Blockade of CSF1R Kinase in Tenosynovial Giant-Cell Tumor. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jul 30;373(5):428-37. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1411366. PMID:26222558 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411366
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