Structural highlights
Function
[L0L3X3_9INFA] Binds to sialic acid-containing receptors on the cell surface, bringing about the attachment of the virus particle to the cell. This attachment induces virion internalization of about two third of the virus particles through clathrin-dependent endocytosis and about one third through a clathrin- and caveolin-independent pathway. Plays a major role in the determination of host range restriction and virulence. Class I viral fusion protein. Responsible for penetration of the virus into the cell cytoplasm by mediating the fusion of the membrane of the endocytosed virus particle with the endosomal membrane. Low pH in endosomes induces an irreversible conformational change in HA2, releasing the fusion hydrophobic peptide. Several trimers are required to form a competent fusion pore.[RuleBase:RU003324][SAAS:SAAS00046902]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Influenza A H15 viruses are members of a subgroup (H7-H10-H15) of group 2 hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes that include H7N9 and H10N8 viruses that were isolated from humans during 2013. The isolation of avian H15 viruses is, however, quite rare, and until recently, geographically restricted to wild shorebirds and waterfowl in Australia. The HAs of H15 viruses contain an insertion in the 150-loop of the receptor-binding site common to this subgroup and a unique insertion in the 260-loop compared to any other subtype. Here, we show that the H15 HA has a high preference for avian receptor analogs by glycan array analyses. The H15 HA crystal structure reveals that it is structurally closest to H7N9 HA, but the head domain of the H15 trimer is wider than all other HAs due to a tilt and opening of the HA1 subunits of head domain. The extended 150-loop of the H15 HA retains the conserved conformation as in H7 and H10 HAs. Furthermore, the elongated 260-loop increases the HA exposed surface and can contribute to antigenic variation in H15 HAs. Since avian-origin H15 HA viruses have been shown to cause enhanced disease in mammalian models, further characterization and immune surveillance of H15 viruses is warranted.IMPORTANCE In the last two decades, an apparent increase has been reported for cases of human infection by emerging avian influenza A subtypes, including H7N9 and H10N8 viruses isolated during 2013. H15 is the other member of the subgroup of influenza A group 2 hemagglutinins (HA) that also include H7 and H10. H15 viruses have been restricted to Australia, but recent isolation of H15 viruses in Western Siberia suggests that they could be spread more globally via the avian flyways that converge and emanate from this region. Here we report on characterization of the three-dimensional structure and receptor specificity of the H15 hemagglutinin that reveals distinct features and specificities that can aid in global surveillance of such viruses for potential spread and emerging threat to the human population.
Unique structural features of influenza H15 HA.,Tzarum N, McBride R, Nycholat CM, Paulson JC, Wilson IA J Virol. 2017 Apr 12. pii: JVI.00046-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00046-17. PMID:28404848[1]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Tzarum N, McBride R, Nycholat CM, Paulson JC, Wilson IA. Unique structural features of influenza H15 HA. J Virol. 2017 Apr 12. pii: JVI.00046-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00046-17. PMID:28404848 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00046-17
