| Structural highlights
Function
[SYT7_RAT] Ca(2+) sensor involved in Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of secretory and synaptic vesicles through Ca(2+) and phospholipid binding to the C2 domain (PubMed:11395007, PubMed:10725327, PubMed:11511344). Ca(2+) induces binding of the C2-domains to phospholipid membranes and to assembled SNARE-complexes; both actions contribute to triggering exocytosis (PubMed:11395007). SYT7 binds Ca(2+) with high affinity and slow kinetics compared to other synaptotagmins (By similarity). Involved in Ca(2+)-triggered lysosomal exocytosis, a major component of the plasma membrane repair (PubMed:10725327, PubMed:11511344). Ca(2+)-regulated delivery of lysosomal membranes to the cell surface is also involved in the phagocytic uptake of particles by macrophages. Ca(2+)-triggered lysosomal exocytosis also plays a role in bone remodeling by regulating secretory pathways in osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Involved in cholesterol transport from lysosome to peroxisome by promoting membrane contacts between lysosomes and peroxisomes: probably acts by promoting vesicle fusion by binding phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate on peroxisomal membranes. Acts as a key mediator of synaptic facilitation, a process also named short-term synaptic potentiation: synaptic facilitation takes place at synapses with a low initial release probability and is caused by influx of Ca(2+) into the axon terminal after spike generation, increasing the release probability of neurotransmitters. Probably mediates synaptic facilitation by directly increasing the probability of release. May also contribute to synaptic facilitation by regulating synaptic vesicle replenishment, a process required to ensure that synaptic vesicles are ready for the arrival of the next action potential: SYT7 is required for synaptic vesicle replenishment by acting as a sensor for Ca(2+) and by forming a complex with calmodulin. Also acts as a regulator of Ca(2+)-dependent insulin and glucagon secretion in beta-cells. Triggers exocytosis by promoting fusion pore opening and fusion pore expansion in chromaffin cells (By similarity). Also regulates the secretion of some non-synaptic secretory granules of specialized cells (PubMed:15456748).[UniProtKB:Q9R0N7][1] [2] [3] [4]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Synaptotagmins (Syts) act as Ca2+ sensors in neurotransmitter release by virtue of Ca2+-binding to their two C2 domains, but their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Puzzlingly, Ca2+-binding to the C2B domain appears to dominate Syt1 function in synchronous release, whereas Ca2+-binding to the C2A domain mediates Syt7 function in asynchronous release. Here we show that crystal structures of the Syt7 C2A domain and C2AB region, and analyses of intrinsic Ca2+-binding to the Syt7 C2 domains using isothermal titration calorimetry, did not reveal major differences that could explain functional differentiation between Syt7 and Syt1. However, using liposome titrations under Ca2+ saturating conditions, we show that the Syt7 C2A domain has a very high membrane affinity and dominates phospholipid binding to Syt7 in the presence or absence of l-alpha-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-diphosphate (PIP2). For Syt1, the two Ca2+-saturated C2 domains have similar affinities for membranes lacking PIP2, but the C2B domain dominates binding to PIP2-containing membranes. Mutagenesis revealed that the dramatic differences in membrane affinity between the Syt1 and Syt7 C2A domains arise in part from apparently conservative residue substitutions, showing how striking biochemical and functional differences can result from the cumulative effects of subtle residue substitutions. Viewed together, our results suggest that membrane affinity may be a key determinant of the functions of Syt C2 domains in neurotransmitter release.
Exceptionally tight membrane-binding may explain the key role of the synaptotagmin-7 C2A domain in asynchronous neurotransmitter release.,Voleti R, Tomchick DR, Sudhof TC, Rizo J Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 18. pii: 201710708. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1710708114. PMID:28923929[5]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Martinez I, Chakrabarti S, Hellevik T, Morehead J, Fowler K, Andrews NW. Synaptotagmin VII regulates Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of lysosomes in fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 2000 Mar 20;148(6):1141-49. PMID:10725327
- ↑ Sugita S, Han W, Butz S, Liu X, Fernandez-Chacon R, Lao Y, Sudhof TC. Synaptotagmin VII as a plasma membrane Ca(2+) sensor in exocytosis. Neuron. 2001 May;30(2):459-73. PMID:11395007
- ↑ Reddy A, Caler EV, Andrews NW. Plasma membrane repair is mediated by Ca(2+)-regulated exocytosis of lysosomes. Cell. 2001 Jul 27;106(2):157-69. PMID:11511344
- ↑ Fukuda M, Kanno E, Satoh M, Saegusa C, Yamamoto A. Synaptotagmin VII is targeted to dense-core vesicles and regulates their Ca2+ -dependent exocytosis in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 10;279(50):52677-84. Epub 2004 Sep 28. PMID:15456748 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409241200
- ↑ Voleti R, Tomchick DR, Sudhof TC, Rizo J. Exceptionally tight membrane-binding may explain the key role of the synaptotagmin-7 C2A domain in asynchronous neurotransmitter release. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Sep 18. pii: 201710708. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1710708114. PMID:28923929 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1710708114
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