1nr1

Structural highlights

Disease

[DHE3_HUMAN] Defects in GLUD1 are the cause of familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia type 6 (HHF6) [MIM:606762]; also known as hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (HHS). Familial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia [MIM:256450], also referred to as congenital hyperinsulinism, nesidioblastosis, or persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PPHI), is the most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia in infancy and is due to defective negative feedback regulation of insulin secretion by low glucose levels. In HHF6 elevated oxidation rate of glutamate to alpha-ketoglutarate stimulates insulin secretion in the pancreatic beta cells, while they impair detoxification of ammonium in the liver.^{[1] [2] [3] [4]}

Function

[DHE3_HUMAN] May be involved in learning and memory reactions by increasing the turnover of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate (By similarity).

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

References

1. ↑ Stanley CA, Lieu YK, Hsu BY, Burlina AB, Greenberg CR, Hopwood NJ, Perlman K, Rich BH, Zammarchi E, Poncz M. Hyperinsulinism and hyperammonemia in infants with regulatory mutations of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene. N Engl J Med. 1998 May 7;338(19):1352-7. PMID:9571255
2. ↑ Miki Y, Taki T, Ohura T, Kato H, Yanagisawa M, Hayashi Y. Novel missense mutations in the glutamate dehydrogenase gene in the congenital hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome. J Pediatr. 2000 Jan;136(1):69-72. PMID:10636977
3. ↑ Santer R, Kinner M, Passarge M, Superti-Furga A, Mayatepek E, Meissner T, Schneppenheim R, Schaub J. Novel missense mutations outside the allosteric domain of glutamate dehydrogenase are prevalent in European patients with the congenital hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome. Hum Genet. 2001 Jan;108(1):66-71. PMID:11214910
4. ↑ MacMullen C, Fang J, Hsu BY, Kelly A, de Lonlay-Debeney P, Saudubray JM, Ganguly A, Smith TJ, Stanley CA. Hyperinsulinism/hyperammonemia syndrome in children with regulatory mutations in the inhibitory guanosine triphosphate-binding domain of glutamate dehydrogenase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;86(4):1782-7. PMID:11297618
5. ↑ Banerjee S, Schmidt T, Fang J, Stanley CA, Smith TJ. Structural studies on ADP activation of mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase and the evolution of regulation. Biochemistry. 2003 Apr 1;42(12):3446-56. PMID:12653548 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi0206917