Promiscuous Protein Binding as a Function of Protein Stability
Ruth Cohen-Khait, Orly Dym, Shelly Hamer-Rogotner and Gideon Schreiber [1]
Molecular Tour
Protein-protein interactions (PPI) mediate most major processes in the cell. Despite the crowded cellular environment, proteins maintain a high degree of specificity in their interactions. For this, proteins evolved to balance between the ability to bind the desired partners while rejecting all other proteins.
Here, we address the question of the sequence distance to generate new binding. In other words, how many mutations have to be inserted into a protein so that it will bind a given partner. For this we generated a random library of TEM1-b-lactamase mutant proteins displayed on yeast and selected the library to bind wild-type TEM1. We found that three mutations were sufficient to develop a de-novo protein interaction (Figure 1). The mutations severely destabilized the protein, making them accessible only on a pre-stabilized TEM1 variant. The X-ray structure of the complex formed between the mutant TEM1 (termed T1 G268A) and wild-type TEM1 showed the two proteins to be related by a pseudo-two-fold symmetry axis (Figure 2). The interface is comprised of strand 2 from both proteins forming a continuous β-sheet, which spans to strand 1 and forms a perfect backbone hydrogen bond network (Figure 2). The most surprising feature of the complex is that helix 1 of T1 G268A is completely missing in the density map. Overlaying TEM1-WT onto T1 G268A shows that a properly folded N?-helix in T1 G268A would physically interfere with the interaction, making complex formation impossible Figure 3).
A closer look at the three mutations evolved during selection shows that two of them (E37K and E58V) are important in stabilizing the N?-helix in its position. Analysis of the WT structure (1BTL) shows that E37 forms an intra-protein salt bridge with R61, which in turn interacts with E64, which interacts with R43. E58 forms a salt bridge with the NH2-terminus of TEM1-WT. Therefore, loosing E37 and E58 will destabilize the N?- helix, as indeed seen in the T1 structure (Figure 2). The two additional selected mutations, K32 and A36 in some of the clones probably also contribute to destabilization of the N'helix. The only selected mutation located directly in the binding interface is E58V, which is present in all four selected clones. E58V forms hydrophobic contacts with L30 and F60 of the other chain. The structure implies that the formed interaction would be very specific between the evolved mutants and TEM1-WT. The structure of the complex shows that one copy of the N?-helix is important in stabilizing the interaction between the two proteins. Hence the WT cannot dimerize since the N?-helix physically interferes with the interaction while the selected TEM1 proteins are missing a folded N?-helix. A detailed map of the interactions formed between the two proteins is presented in Figure 4.
