Pyruvate phosphate dikinase

Pyruvate Phosphate Dikinase - a Molecular Machine

Pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the inter-conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phosphate (P_i), and pyruvate with adenine monophosphate (AMP), pyrophosphate (PP_i), and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) in the presence of magnesium and potassium/sodium ions (Mg²⁺ and K⁺/Na⁺). The three-step reversible reaction proceeds via phosphoenzyme and pyrophosphoenzyme intermediates with a histidine residue serving as the phosphocarrier:

1. PPDK-His + PEP ⇄ PPDK-His~PO₃ + pyruvate
2. PPDK-His~PO₃ + P₂O₇ ⇄ PPDK-His~P₂O₇ + PO₃
3. PPDK-His~P₂O₇ + AMP ⇄ PPDK-His + ATP

The enzyme has been found in bacteria, in C₄ and Crassulacean acid metabolism plants, and in parasites, but not in higher animal forms. In bacteria and parasites, PPDK functions in the direction of ATP synthesis (reminiscent of pyruvate kinase). In plants and in photosynthetic bacteria, PPDK functions in PEP formation, potentiating the rate of CO₂ fixation that takes place during photosynthesis. PPDK exhibits sequence homology to pyruvate phosphate synthase, and to another enzyme that utilizes phosphotransfer from PEP to a histidine residues, Enzyme I of the PEP:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS).

PEP-binding domain - cyan; nucleotide binding domain - green; His-domain - yellow; domain linkers -red; phosphorylatable His455 - blue spheres|200px]]

The movie depicts the catalytic reaction involving 3 in-line phosphotransfers & the accompanied protein conformational transitions. Model based on crystal structures of PPDK from Clostridium symbiosum in the 2 extreme conformational states shown to the left and of complexes bound to substrate analogs, phosphonopyruvate and 5'-adenylyl-β,γ-imidodiphosphate (AMPPNP). The nucleotide binding subdomains are colored green & blue, PEP binding domain colored cyan, His-domain colored yellow, and linker segments that connect the His-domain to the partner domains colored red. Ligands and the catalytic histidine are depicted in stick models with the atomic color scheme: C – gray, N – blue, O – red, P – green, Mg – magenta. Note that the reaction progresses in the movie in the reverse direction; steps 3 and 2 occur first followed by step 1. The movie was created by Kap Lim and Osnat Herzberg

You may also download the full High Resolution video.

Additional Resources

Larger movie frame for classroom projection
For additional information, see: Photosynthesis

Key References

1. Herzberg, O., Chen, C. C. H., Kapadia, G., McGuire, M., Carroll, L. J., Noh, S. J., Dunaway-Mariano, D. (1996) Swiveling-domain mechanism for enzymatic phosphotransfer between remote reaction sites, Proc Natl Acad Sci 93, 2652-2657.
2. Herzberg, O., Chen, C. C. H., Liu, S., Tempczyk, A., Howard, A., Wei, M., Ye, D., Dunaway-Mariano, D. (2002) Pyruvate site of pyruvate phosphate dikinase: crystal structure of the enzyme-phosphonopyruvate complex, and mutant analysis, Biochemistry 41, 780-787.
3. Lim, K., Read, R. J., Chen, C. C., Tempczyk, A., Wei, M., Ye, D., Wu, C., Dunaway-Mariano, D., and Herzberg, O. (2007) Swiveling domain mechanism in pyruvate phosphate dikinase, Biochemistry 46, 14845-14853.