| Structural highlights
Function
[POLG_CXB3N] Capsid protein VP1: Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome. Capsid protein VP1 mainly forms the vertices of the capsid. Capsid protein VP1 interacts with host CD55 and CXADR to provide virion attachment to target host cells. This attachment induces virion internalization. Tyrosine kinases are probably involved in the entry process. After binding to its receptor, the capsid undergoes conformational changes. Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus (that contains an amphipathic alpha-helix) and capsid protein VP4 are externalized. Together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which viral genome is translocated to host cell cytoplasm. After genome has been released, the channel shrinks (By similarity).[1] Capsid protein VP2: Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome (By similarity).[2] Capsid protein VP3: Forms an icosahedral capsid of pseudo T=3 symmetry with capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. The capsid is 300 Angstroms in diameter, composed of 60 copies of each capsid protein and enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome (By similarity).[3] Capsid protein VP4: Lies on the inner surface of the capsid shell. After binding to the host receptor, the capsid undergoes conformational changes. Capsid protein VP4 is released, Capsid protein VP1 N-terminus is externalized, and together, they shape a pore in the host membrane through which the viral genome is translocated into the host cell cytoplasm. After genome has been released, the channel shrinks (By similarity).[4] Capsid protein VP0: Component of immature procapsids, which is cleaved into capsid proteins VP4 and VP2 after maturation. Allows the capsid to remain inactive before the maturation step (By similarity).[5] Protein 2A: Cysteine protease that cleaves viral polyprotein and specific host proteins. It is responsible for the cleavage between the P1 and P2 regions, first cleavage occurring in the polyprotein. Cleaves also the host translation initiation factor EIF4G1, in order to shut down the capped cellular mRNA translation. Inhibits the host nucleus-cytoplasm protein and RNA trafficking by cleaving host members of the nuclear pores (By similarity).[6] Protein 2B: Plays an essential role in the virus replication cycle by acting as a viroporin. Creates a pore in the host reticulum endoplasmic and as a consequence releases Ca2+ in the cytoplasm of infected cell. In turn, high levels of cyctoplasmic calcium may trigger membrane trafficking and transport of viral ER-associated proteins to viroplasms, sites of viral genome replication (By similarity).[7] Protein 2C: Induces and associates with structural rearrangements of intracellular membranes. Displays RNA-binding, nucleotide binding and NTPase activities. May play a role in virion morphogenesis and viral RNA encapsidation by interacting with the capsid protein VP3 (By similarity).[8] Protein 3AB: Localizes the viral replication complex to the surface of membranous vesicles. Together with protein 3CD binds the Cis-Active RNA Element (CRE) which is involved in RNA synthesis initiation. Acts as a cofactor to stimulate the activity of 3D polymerase, maybe through a nucleid acid chaperone activity (By similarity).[9] Protein 3A: Localizes the viral replication complex to the surface of membranous vesicles. It inhibits host cell endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi apparatus transport and causes the dissassembly of the Golgi complex, possibly through GBF1 interaction. This would result in depletion of MHC, trail receptors and IFN receptors at the host cell surface (By similarity).[10] Viral protein genome-linked: acts as a primer for viral RNA replication and remains covalently bound to viral genomic RNA. VPg is uridylylated prior to priming replication into VPg-pUpU. The oriI viral genomic sequence may act as a template for this. The VPg-pUpU is then used as primer on the genomic RNA poly(A) by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate the viral genome. VPg may be removed in the cytoplasm by an unknown enzyme termed "unlinkase". VPg is not cleaved off virion genomes because replicated genomic RNA are encapsidated at the site of replication (By similarity).[11] Protein 3CD: Is involved in the viral replication complex and viral polypeptide maturation. It exhibits protease activity with a specificity and catalytic efficiency that is different from protease 3C. Protein 3CD lacks polymerase activity. The 3C domain in the context of protein 3CD may have an RNA binding activity (By similarity).[12] Protease 3C: cleaves host DDX58/RIG-I and thus contributes to the inhibition of type I interferon production. Cleaves also host PABPC1 (By similarity).[13] RNA-directed RNA polymerase: Replicates the viral genomic RNA on the surface of intracellular membranes. May form linear arrays of subunits that propagate along a strong head-to-tail interaction called interface-I. Covalently attaches UMP to a tyrosine of VPg, which is used to prime RNA synthesis. The positive stranded RNA genome is first replicated at virus induced membranous vesicles, creating a dsRNA genomic replication form. This dsRNA is then used as template to synthesize positive stranded RNA genomes. ss(+)RNA genomes are either translated, replicated or encapsidated (By similarity).[14]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases are considered to be low fidelity enzymes, providing for high mutation rates that allow for the rapid adaptation of RNA viruses to different host cell environments. Fidelity is tuned to provide the proper balance of virus replication rates, pathogenesis, and tissue tropism needed for virus growth. Using our structures of picornaviral polymerase-RNA elongation complexes, we have previously engineered over a dozen coxsackievirus B3 polymerase mutations that significantly altered virus replication rates and in vivo fidelity, and also provided a set of secondary adaptation mutations after tissue culture passage. Here we report a biochemical analysis of these mutations based on rapid stopped-flow kinetics to determine elongation rates and nucleotide discrimination factors. The data show a spatial separation of fidelity and replication rate effects within the polymerase structure. Mutations in the palm domain have the greatest effects on in vitro nucleotide discrimination and these are strongly correlated with elongation rates and in vivo mutation frequencies, with faster polymerases having lower fidelity. Mutations located at the top of the fingers domain, on the other hand, primarily affect elongation rates and have relatively minor effects on fidelity. Similar modulation effects are seen in poliovirus polymerase, an inherently lower fidelity enzyme where analogous mutations now increase nucleotide discrimination. The findings further our understanding of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase structure-function relationships and suggest that (+) strand RNA viruses retain a unique palm domain based active site closure mechanism to fine tune replication fidelity. IMPORTANCE: Positive strand RNA viruses represent a major class of human and animal pathogens with significant health and economic impacts. These viruses replicate using a virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzyme that has low fidelity, generating many mutations that allow for the rapid adaptation of these viruses to different tissue types and host cells. In this work we use a structure-based approach to engineer mutations in viral polymerases and study their effects on in vitro nucleotide discrimination as well as virus growth and genome replication fidelity. The results show that mutation rates can be drastically increased or decreased as a result of single mutations at several key residues in the polymerase palm domain, and this can significantly attenuate virus growth in vivo. The findings provide a pathway for developing live attenuated virus vaccines based on engineering the polymerase to reduce virus fitness.
Structure-Function Relationships Underlying the Replication Fidelity of Viral RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases.,Campagnola G, McDonald S, Beaucourt S, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB J Virol. 2014 Oct 15. pii: JVI.01574-14. PMID:25320316[15]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Wessels E, Duijsings D, Lanke KH, van Dooren SH, Jackson CL, Melchers WJ, van Kuppeveld FJ. Effects of picornavirus 3A Proteins on Protein Transport and GBF1-dependent COP-I recruitment. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11852-60. Epub 2006 Sep 27. PMID:17005635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/JVI.01225-06
- ↑ Campagnola G, McDonald S, Beaucourt S, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB. Structure-Function Relationships Underlying the Replication Fidelity of Viral RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases. J Virol. 2014 Oct 15. pii: JVI.01574-14. PMID:25320316 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01574-14
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