5x6u

Structural highlights

Disease

[LTOR2_HUMAN] Primary immunodeficiency syndrome due to p14 deficiency. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Function

[LTOR4_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated.^[1] [LTOR3_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. Adapter protein that enhances the efficiency of the MAP kinase cascade facilitating the activation of MAPK2.^{[2] [3]} [LTOR5_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. When complexed to BIRC5, interferes with apoptosome assembly, preventing recruitment of pro-caspase-9 to oligomerized APAF1, thereby selectively suppressing apoptosis initiated via the mitochondrial/cytochrome c pathway. Down-regulates hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication.^{[4] [5]} [LTOR2_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. Adapter protein that enhances the efficiency of the MAP kinase cascade facilitating the activation of MAPK2.^{[6] [7]} [LTOR1_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. LAMTOR1 is directly responsible for anchoring the Ragulator complex to membranes. Also required for late endosomes/lysosomes biogenesis it may regulate both the recycling of receptors through endosomes and the MAPK signaling pathway through recruitment of some of its components to late endosomes. May be involved in cholesterol homeostasis regulating LDL uptake and cholesterol release from late endosomes/lysosomes. May also play a role in RHOA activation.^{[8] [9] [10] [11]}

References

1. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
2. ↑ Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM. Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell. 2010 Apr 16;141(2):290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024. Epub 2010 Apr , 8. PMID:20381137 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
3. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
4. ↑ Marusawa H, Matsuzawa S, Welsh K, Zou H, Armstrong R, Tamm I, Reed JC. HBXIP functions as a cofactor of survivin in apoptosis suppression. EMBO J. 2003 Jun 2;22(11):2729-40. PMID:12773388 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg263
5. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
6. ↑ Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM. Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell. 2010 Apr 16;141(2):290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024. Epub 2010 Apr , 8. PMID:20381137 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
7. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
8. ↑ Hoshino D, Tomari T, Nagano M, Koshikawa N, Seiki M. A novel protein associated with membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase binds p27(kip1) and regulates RhoA activation, actin remodeling, and matrigel invasion. J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 2;284(40):27315-26. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.041400. Epub 2009, Aug 4. PMID:19654316 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.041400
9. ↑ Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM. Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell. 2010 Apr 16;141(2):290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024. Epub 2010 Apr , 8. PMID:20381137 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
10. ↑ Guillaumot P, Luquain C, Malek M, Huber AL, Brugiere S, Garin J, Grunwald D, Regnier D, Petrilli V, Lefai E, Manie SN. Pdro, a protein associated with late endosomes and lysosomes and implicated in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 8;5(6):e10977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010977. PMID:20544018 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010977
11. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
12. ↑ Yonehara R, Nada S, Nakai T, Nakai M, Kitamura A, Ogawa A, Nakatsumi H, Nakayama KI, Li S, Standley DM, Yamashita E, Nakagawa A, Okada M. Structural basis for the assembly of the Ragulator-Rag GTPase complex. Nat Commun. 2017 Nov 20;8(1):1625. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01762-3. PMID:29158492 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01762-3