ATP synthase is shown here to the right in 3D with each protein shown a different colour.
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Exploring the ATP synthase molecule
ATP synthase is built up of different groups of proteins: the F0, the F1, the stator and the axel - each group has an important role.
The contains alpha (shown in light blue) and beta (shown in dark blue) protein chains.
Q1: How many protein chains comprise the F1 region?
The F1 binds the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecules and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . See if you can zoom in on the ATP identify the phosphate atoms (orange).
Q2: How many phosphates does ATP have, and how does this differ to ADP?
Q3: Where is the high energy bond that the ATP synthase forms
The rotates putting the motor into three different conformations as the ADP binds, the phosphate bond is formed and the ATP being released.
Q4: What is the role of the axel?
is a circular rotor that is formed of alpha helices that sit in the mitochondrial membrane. The hydrogen ions travel around the circular F0 motor, and turning the rotor in the process, much like a water wheel. The hydrogens are passed alone a chain of (amino acids) in the F0 motor, and then transferred to an (Arg) amino acid. The arginine passes the hydrogen to the rotor, which turns all the way around. Then the hydrogen is then passed to the opposite side of the membrane.
Q5: What is the location and role of the FO region?
Q6: Name two key amino acids, one acidic and one basic, that bind the hydrogen's in the ATP generation?
Summary
The synthesis of ATP, the cells energy currency, involves a number of steps performed by a tiny molecular motor, found in the mitochondrial membrane, called ATP synthase.
1. Binding of ADP and the phosphate to ATP synthase to the F1 domain
2. Formation of the new high energy phosphate-phosphate bond between the ADP and phosphate using energy, generated by the hydrogens moving the F0, then the movement is transmitted by the axel to the F1 region.
3. Releasing the newly made ATP from the F1 region
Key Terms
Aspartic acid
ATP
AMP
ATP synthase
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