This old version of Proteopedia is provided for student assignments while the new version is undergoing repairs. Content and edits done in this old version of Proteopedia after March 1, 2026 will eventually be lost when it is retired in about June of 2026.

Apply for new accounts at the new Proteopedia. Your logins will work in both the old and new versions.


Alice Clark/ATPsynthase

From Proteopedia

(Difference between revisions)
Jump to: navigation, search
Line 21: Line 21:
ATP synthase is a cellular molecular motor found in the mitochondrial membrane of humans, and also in other organisms. It has a role in the generation of ATP, the cells energy currency. This large molecule is built up of a number of different groups of proteins: the F0, the F1, and the stator - each group has an important role to play.
ATP synthase is a cellular molecular motor found in the mitochondrial membrane of humans, and also in other organisms. It has a role in the generation of ATP, the cells energy currency. This large molecule is built up of a number of different groups of proteins: the F0, the F1, and the stator - each group has an important role to play.
-
The <scene name='78/781973/Alpha-beta/1'>F1 motor head</scene> contains α (alpha) (shown in light blue) and β (beta) (shown in dark blue), and making up the axel, the <scene name='78/781973/Gamma/1'> γ (gamma) </scene> protein chain.
+
 
 +
'''The F0 and Axle'''
 +
 
 +
The <scene name='78/781973/Alpha-beta/1'>F1 motor head</scene> contains α (alpha) chain (shown in light blue) and a β (beta) chain (shown in dark blue). The <scene name='78/781973/Axel/1'>axle</scene>, which is composed mainly of the <scene name='78/781973/Gamma/1'> γ (gamma) </scene> protein chain. The axle rotates with three 120° steps, putting the β chains into three different conformations, as the ADP and phosphate binds, the high energy bond is formed and the ATP is released.
 +
 
----
----
Line 27: Line 31:
----
----
 +
----
 +
'''Q2: What is the role of the axle, explain how it acts on the β subunits?'''
 +
----
-
The F1 shown here has both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bound in the <scene name='78/781973/Atpandadp/1'>nucleotide binding sites</scene>. See if you can zoom in on the ATP identify the phosphate atoms (orange), sugar and base. ==>
 
-
The three sites primarily located in the β subunits carry active ATP synthesis. The sites primarily located in the three α subunits are non-catalytic and exchange bound nucleotide very slowly, they are thought to be a carry over from evolution, and now play a more regulatory role.
+
'''ADP and ATP are bound in the nucleotide binding sites'''
 +
The F1 shown here has both adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bound in the <scene name='78/781973/Atpandadp/1'>nucleotide binding sites</scene>. See if you can zoom in on the ATP identify the phosphate atoms (orange), sugar group and the base component. ==>
 +
 +
The three nucleotide binding sites, primarily located in the β subunits, carry out active ATP synthesis. The sites primarily located in the three α subunits are non-catalytic and exchange bound nucleotide very slowly. They are thought to be a carry over from evolution, and now play a more regulatory role.
-
----
 
-
'''Q2: How many phosphates atoms (orange) does ATP have, and how does this differ to ADP?'''
 
----
----
-
'''Q3: Between which atoms is the high energy bond formed, within the ATP (the bond that the ATP synthase catalyses within the β subunits)?'''
+
'''Q3: How many phosphates atoms (orange) does ATP have, and how does this differ to ADP?'''
----
----
-
 
+
'''Q4: Between which atoms is the high energy bond formed, and in which location in the ATP synthase does the catalysis occur (which chain)?'''
-
 
+
-
The <scene name='78/781973/Axel/1'>axle</scene> rotates at 120° steps, putting the motor head into three different conformations, as the ADP and phosphate binds, the high energy bond is formed and the ATP is released.
+
----
----
-
'''Q4: What is the role of the axel, explain how it acts on the β subunits?'''
 
-
----
 
 +
'''The F0 region"
-
<scene name='78/781973/F0/1'>The F0</scene> is a circular rotor that is formed of transmembrane α-helices that sit in the mitochondrial membrane. The hydrogen ions (protons) travel around the circular F0 motor, and turning the F0 rotor in the process, much like a waterwheel. Firstly, the hydrogen ion binds a negatively charged <scene name='78/781973/Aspgluchain/1'>aspartic acid or glutamic acid</scene> residue (amino acid) within the transmembrane α-helices, of the F0 motor. This action then allows the F0 to turn, as it can only turn in the hydrophobic membrane when a hydrogen ion is bound to these amino acids, as it neutralises the amino acid charge. Secondly, after a full rotation, the hydrogen is transferred to an <scene name='78/781973/Arg/1'>arginine</scene> amino acid and is passed to the opposite side of the membrane.
+
<scene name='78/781973/F0/1'>The F0</scene> is a circular rotor that is formed of transmembrane α-helices located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. The positively charged hydrogen ions (protons) travel around the circular F0 motor, and turning the F0 rotor in the process, much like a waterwheel. Firstly, the hydrogen ion binds a negatively charged <scene name='78/781973/Aspgluchain/1'>aspartic acid or glutamic acid</scene> residue (amino acid) within the transmembrane α-helices of the F0 motor. This action then allows the F0 to turn, as it can only turn in the hydrophobic membrane when a hydrogen ion is bound to these amino acids, as it neutralises the amino acids negative charge. Secondly, after a full rotation, the hydrogen is transferred to an <scene name='78/781973/Arg/1'>arginine</scene> amino acid and is passed to the opposite side of the membrane.
----
----
Line 64: Line 68:
'''Summary'''
'''Summary'''
-
The synthesis of ATP, the cells energy currency, involves a number of steps performed by a tiny molecular motor, found in the mitochondrial membrane, called ATP synthase.
+
The synthesis of ATP, the cells energy currency, involves a number of steps performed by a tiny molecular motor found in the mitochondrial membrane, called ATP synthase.
-
 
+
-
1. Binding of ADP and phosphate to the ATP synthase beta domain located in the F1 domain
+
-
 
+
-
2. Formation of the new high energy phosphate-phosphate bond between the ADP and phosphate using energy, generated by the hydrogen ions moving the F0, then the movement is transmitted by the axel to the F1 region.
+
-
 
+
-
3. Releasing the newly made ATP from the F1 region
+
Line 90: Line 88:
ATP synthase - A molecular motor that generates ATP
ATP synthase - A molecular motor that generates ATP
-
Hydrogen ion = A hydrogen ion is created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion is also referred to as a proton
+
Hydrogen ion = A hydrogen atom that has lost (or gained) an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion is also referred to as a proton
 +
 

Revision as of 07:48, 23 March 2018

ATP Synthase

ATP Synthase (PDB entry 5lqz)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate


Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Alice Clark

Retrieved from "http://52.214.119.220/wiki/index.php/Alice_Clark/ATPsynthase"
Personal tools