User:Alisa Cario

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== '''Disease relevance''' ==
== '''Disease relevance''' ==
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'''Multiple Schlerosis''': Stathmin expression is has been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) , a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by lack of motor control and numbness. MS is caused by loss of myelination on axons in the nervous system. Myelination of axons is performed by cells called oligodendrocytes. Stathmin is regulated in oligodendrocyte lineage, with progenitor cells containing larger amounts than differentiated oligodendrocytes. Brain tissue samples from people suffering from multiple sclerosis found that stathmin is up regulated later in the lineage of oligodendrocytes. The up-regulation of stathmin showed a more globular morphology of the cells. Oligodendrocyte ability to myelinate axons in the central nervous system was greatly reduced in these patients (. <ref></ref>).
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'''Multiple Schlerosis''': Stathmin expression is has been linked to multiple sclerosis (MS) , a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by lack of motor control and numbness. MS is caused by loss of myelination on axons in the nervous system. Myelination of axons is performed by cells called oligodendrocytes. Stathmin is regulated in oligodendrocyte lineage, with progenitor cells containing larger amounts than differentiated oligodendrocytes. Brain tissue samples from people suffering from multiple sclerosis found that stathmin is up regulated later in the lineage of oligodendrocytes. The up-regulation of stathmin showed a more globular morphology of the cells. Oligodendrocyte ability to myelinate axons in the central nervous system was greatly reduced in these patients <ref>PMID: 15659612</ref>.
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'''Cancer''': Due to stathmin's role in mitosis and cell migration, it is not surprising that is has been implicated in many cancers and is an active target of cancer therapeutics. Stathmin is defined as an oncoprotein. Overexpression of stathmin has been shown to increase metastasis, worse prognosis, and increased chemoresistance ( <ref></ref> ). Stathmin levels are known to be increasesd in a number of cancers. Stathmin was seen to be upregulated in breast cancer tissue comparative with normal breast tissue ( <ref></ref>). Another study was done to show stathmin upregulation in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (<ref></ref> ). Studies using a non-phosphorylatable stathmin mutant shows that cells arrest during mitosis (Marklund, Larson<ref></ref>)
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'''Cancer''': Due to stathmin's role in mitosis and cell migration, it is not surprising that is has been implicated in many cancers and is an active target of cancer therapeutics. Stathmin is defined as an oncoprotein. Overexpression of stathmin has been shown to increase metastasis, worse prognosis, and increased chemoresistance ( <ref></ref> ). Stathmin levels are known to be increasesd in a number of cancers. Stathmin was seen to be upregulated in breast cancer tissue comparative with normal breast tissue <ref>PMID: 10638981 </ref>. Another study was done to show stathmin upregulation in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas <refPMID: 23229199></ref>. Studies using a non-phosphorylatable stathmin mutant shows that cells arrest during mitosis <ref> PMID: 9788875
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</ref>)
== '''Evolutionary conservation''' ==
== '''Evolutionary conservation''' ==
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Stathmin belongs to a gene family that have a characteristic stathmin-like domain. There are four isoforms of stathmin which are alternatively spliced from a single gene. This family includes Stathmin-1, SCG10/stathmin-2, SCILP/stathmin-3, and RB3/stathmin-4. SCG10 and SCLIP, are exclusively neuronal proteins, while RB3 is expressed mostly in the brain but some in the adrenal glands. Unlike the neuronal proteins, stathmin-1 is ubiquitously expressed in all cell types. All members of this family contain the C-terminal coiled coil domain. However, the binding affinity to tubulin of the protein family members differ (. <ref></ref> ). Interestingly, the neuronal isoforms are known to contain an additional N-terminal domain to affect their localization ( <ref></ref> ).
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Stathmin belongs to a gene family that have a characteristic stathmin-like domain spanning across eukaryotes. There are four isoforms of stathmin which are alternatively spliced from a single gene. This family includes Stathmin-1, SCG10/stathmin-2, SCILP/stathmin-3, and RB3/stathmin-4. SCG10 and SCLIP, are exclusively neuronal proteins, while RB3 is expressed mostly in the brain but some in the adrenal glands <ref>PMID: 8344928</ref>. <ref>PMID: 2776625</ref>. Unlike the neuronal proteins, stathmin-1 is ubiquitously expressed in all cell types. All members of this family contain the C-terminal coiled coil domain. However, the binding affinity to tubulin of the protein family members differ <ref>PMID: 11278715</ref>. Interestingly, the neuronal isoforms are known to contain an additional N-terminal domain to affect their localization <ref>PMID: 9788875</ref>.
== Links to available structures ==
== Links to available structures ==

Revision as of 23:00, 27 April 2018

* Full Real Name: Alisa Cario

  • Position: Graduate Student
  • Institution (NO ABBREVIATIONS): University of Vermont
  • City, State/Province, Country: Burlington, VT USA
  • Field of Expertise or Study: Creation of protopedia page for a class project. The class is Proteins 1 under Dr. Stephen Everse


Stathmin-4 (RB3) bound to Tubulin stabilized with Vinblastin 

4eb6

Structure of stathmin bound to two tubulin heterodimers at 3.47Å resolution. Tubulin dimers are stabilized by vinblastin, shown by grey spheres between heterodimers. (PDB entry 4eb6)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

Proteopedia Page Contributors and Editors (what is this?)

Alisa Cario, Eric Martz

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