| Structural highlights
Function
[GLP1R_HUMAN] This is a receptor for glucagon-like peptide 1. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. [GLUC_HUMAN] Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes.[1] [2] [3] GLP-1 is a potent stimulator of glucose-dependent insulin release. Play important roles on gastric motility and the suppression of plasma glucagon levels. May be involved in the suppression of satiety and stimulation of glucose disposal in peripheral tissues, independent of the actions of insulin. Have growth-promoting activities on intestinal epithelium. May also regulate the hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) via effects on LH, TSH, CRH, oxytocin, and vasopressin secretion. Increases islet mass through stimulation of islet neogenesis and pancreatic beta cell proliferation. Inhibits beta cell apoptosis.[4] [5] [6] GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, from the stomach to the colon is the principal target for GLP-2 action. Plays a key role in nutrient homeostasis, enhancing nutrient assimilation through enhanced gastrointestinal function, as well as increasing nutrient disposal. Stimulates intestinal glucose transport and decreases mucosal permeability.[7] [8] [9] Oxyntomodulin significantly reduces food intake. Inhibits gastric emptying in humans. Suppression of gastric emptying may lead to increased gastric distension, which may contribute to satiety by causing a sensation of fullness.[10] [11] [12] Glicentin may modulate gastric acid secretion and the gastro-pyloro-duodenal activity. May play an important role in intestinal mucosal growth in the early period of life.[13] [14] [15]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Peptide agonists acting on the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) promote glucose-dependent insulin release and therefore represent important therapeutic agents for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Previous data indicated that an N-terminal type II beta-turn motif might be an important feature for agonists acting on the GLP-1R. In contrast, recent publications reporting the structure of the full-length GLP-1R have shown the N-terminus of receptor-bound agonists in an alpha-helical conformation. To reconcile these conflicting results, we prepared N-terminally constrained analogues of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and exendin-4 and evaluated their receptor affinity and functionality in vitro; we then examined their crystal structures in complex with the extracellular domain of the GLP-1R and used molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations for further investigations. We report that the peptides' N-termini in all determined crystal structures adopted a type II beta-turn conformation, but in vitro potency varied several thousand-fold across the series. Potency correlated better with alpha-helicity in our computational model, although we have found that the energy barrier between the two mentioned conformations is low in our most potent analogues and the flexibility of the N-terminus is highlighted by the dynamics simulations.
alpha-Helix or beta-Turn? An Investigation into N-Terminally Constrained Analogues of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Exendin-4.,Oddo A, Mortensen S, Thogersen H, De Maria L, Hennen S, McGuire JN, Kofoed J, Linderoth L, Reedtz-Runge S Biochemistry. 2018 Jun 21. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00105. PMID:29877701[16]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Orskov C, Wettergren A, Holst JJ. Biological effects and metabolic rates of glucagonlike peptide-1 7-36 amide and glucagonlike peptide-1 7-37 in healthy subjects are indistinguishable. Diabetes. 1993 May;42(5):658-61. PMID:8482423
- ↑ Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Park A, Patterson M, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4696-701. PMID:14557443
- ↑ Tadokoro R, Shimizu T, Hosaka A, Kaneko N, Satoh Y, Yamashiro Y. Postnatal and postprandial changes in plasma concentrations of glicentin in term and preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2003 Oct;92(10):1175-9. PMID:14632334
- ↑ Orskov C, Wettergren A, Holst JJ. Biological effects and metabolic rates of glucagonlike peptide-1 7-36 amide and glucagonlike peptide-1 7-37 in healthy subjects are indistinguishable. Diabetes. 1993 May;42(5):658-61. PMID:8482423
- ↑ Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Park A, Patterson M, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4696-701. PMID:14557443
- ↑ Tadokoro R, Shimizu T, Hosaka A, Kaneko N, Satoh Y, Yamashiro Y. Postnatal and postprandial changes in plasma concentrations of glicentin in term and preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2003 Oct;92(10):1175-9. PMID:14632334
- ↑ Orskov C, Wettergren A, Holst JJ. Biological effects and metabolic rates of glucagonlike peptide-1 7-36 amide and glucagonlike peptide-1 7-37 in healthy subjects are indistinguishable. Diabetes. 1993 May;42(5):658-61. PMID:8482423
- ↑ Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Park A, Patterson M, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4696-701. PMID:14557443
- ↑ Tadokoro R, Shimizu T, Hosaka A, Kaneko N, Satoh Y, Yamashiro Y. Postnatal and postprandial changes in plasma concentrations of glicentin in term and preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2003 Oct;92(10):1175-9. PMID:14632334
- ↑ Orskov C, Wettergren A, Holst JJ. Biological effects and metabolic rates of glucagonlike peptide-1 7-36 amide and glucagonlike peptide-1 7-37 in healthy subjects are indistinguishable. Diabetes. 1993 May;42(5):658-61. PMID:8482423
- ↑ Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Park A, Patterson M, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4696-701. PMID:14557443
- ↑ Tadokoro R, Shimizu T, Hosaka A, Kaneko N, Satoh Y, Yamashiro Y. Postnatal and postprandial changes in plasma concentrations of glicentin in term and preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2003 Oct;92(10):1175-9. PMID:14632334
- ↑ Orskov C, Wettergren A, Holst JJ. Biological effects and metabolic rates of glucagonlike peptide-1 7-36 amide and glucagonlike peptide-1 7-37 in healthy subjects are indistinguishable. Diabetes. 1993 May;42(5):658-61. PMID:8482423
- ↑ Cohen MA, Ellis SM, Le Roux CW, Batterham RL, Park A, Patterson M, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Oxyntomodulin suppresses appetite and reduces food intake in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Oct;88(10):4696-701. PMID:14557443
- ↑ Tadokoro R, Shimizu T, Hosaka A, Kaneko N, Satoh Y, Yamashiro Y. Postnatal and postprandial changes in plasma concentrations of glicentin in term and preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2003 Oct;92(10):1175-9. PMID:14632334
- ↑ Oddo A, Mortensen S, Thogersen H, De Maria L, Hennen S, McGuire JN, Kofoed J, Linderoth L, Reedtz-Runge S. alpha-Helix or beta-Turn? An Investigation into N-Terminally Constrained Analogues of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) and Exendin-4. Biochemistry. 2018 Jun 21. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00105. PMID:29877701 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00105
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