| Structural highlights
2lqc is a 2 chain structure with sequence from Human. Full experimental information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
| | Ligands: | |
| Gene: | CALM1, CALM, CAM, CAM1, CALM2, CAM2, CAMB, CALM3, CALML2, CAM3, CAMC, CAMIII (HUMAN), CACNA1C, CACH2, CACN2, CACNL1A1, CCHL1A1 (HUMAN) |
| Resources: | FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT |
Disease
[CAC1C_HUMAN] Defects in CACNA1C are the cause of Timothy syndrome (TS) [MIM:601005]. TS is a disorder characterized by multiorgan dysfunction including lethal arrhythmias, webbing of fingers and toes, congenital heart disease, immune deficiency, intermittent hypoglycemia, cognitive abnormalities and autism.[1] [2] Defects in CACNA1C are the cause of Brugada syndrome type 3 (BRGDA3) [MIM:611875]. A heart disease characterized by the association of Brugada syndrome with shortened QT intervals. Brugada syndrome is a tachyarrhythmia characterized by right bundle branch block and ST segment elevation on an electrocardiogram (ECG). It can cause the ventricles to beat so fast that the blood is prevented from circulating efficiently in the body. When this situation occurs (called ventricular fibrillation), the individual will faint and may die in a few minutes if the heart is not reset.[3]
Function
[CAC1C_HUMAN] Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1C gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, benzothiazepines, and by omega-agatoxin-IIIA (omega-Aga-IIIA). They are however insensitive to omega-conotoxin-GVIA (omega-CTx-GVIA) and omega-agatoxin-IVA (omega-Aga-IVA). Calcium channels containing the alpha-1C subunit play an important role in excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. The various isoforms display marked differences in the sensitivity to DHP compounds. Binding of calmodulin or CABP1 at the same regulatory sites results in an opposit effects on the channel function.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
It is well-known that the opening of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels can be regulated by calmodulin (CaM). One of the main regulatory mechanisms is calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI), where binding of apo-CaM to the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of the channel can effectively sense an increase in the local calcium ion concentration. Calcium-bound CaM can bind to the IQ-motif region of the C-terminal region and block the calcium channel, thereby providing a negative feedback mechanism that prevents the rise of cellular calcium concentrations over physiological limits. Recently, an additional Ca(2+)/CaM-binding motif (NSCaTE, N-terminal spatial Ca(2+) transforming element) was identified in the amino terminal cytoplasmic region of Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3. This motif exists only in Ca(v)1.2 and Ca(v)1.3 channels, and a pronounced N-lobe (Ca(2+)/CaM) CDI effect was found for Ca(v)1.3. To understand the molecular basis of this interaction, the complexes of Ca(2+)/CaM with the biosynthetically produced N-terminal region (residues 1-68) and NSCaTE peptide (residues 48-68) were investigated. We discovered that the NSCaTE motif in the N-terminal cytoplasmic region adopts an alpha-helical conformation, most likely due to its high alanine content. Additionally, the complex exhibits an unusual 1:2 protein:peptide stoichiometry when bound to Ca(2+)-CaM, and the N-lobe of CaM has a much stronger affinity for the peptide than the C-lobe. The complex structures of the isolated N- and C-lobe of Ca(2+)/CaM and the NSCaTE peptide were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and data-driven protein-docking methods. Moreover, we also demonstrated that calcium binding protein 1, which competes with CaM for binding to the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, binds only weakly to the NSCaTE region. The structures provide insights into the possible roles of this motif in the calcium regulatory network. Our study provides structural evidence for the CaM-bridge model proposed in previous studies.
Structural basis for the regulation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: interactions between the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain and Ca(2+)-calmodulin.,Liu Z, Vogel HJ Front Mol Neurosci. 2012;5:38. Epub 2012 Apr 12. PMID:22518098[10]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Splawski I, Timothy KW, Sharpe LM, Decher N, Kumar P, Bloise R, Napolitano C, Schwartz PJ, Joseph RM, Condouris K, Tager-Flusberg H, Priori SG, Sanguinetti MC, Keating MT. Ca(V)1.2 calcium channel dysfunction causes a multisystem disorder including arrhythmia and autism. Cell. 2004 Oct 1;119(1):19-31. PMID:15454078 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.011
- ↑ Splawski I, Timothy KW, Decher N, Kumar P, Sachse FB, Beggs AH, Sanguinetti MC, Keating MT. Severe arrhythmia disorder caused by cardiac L-type calcium channel mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 7;102(23):8089-96; discussion 8086-8. Epub, 2005 Apr 29. PMID:15863612 doi:10.1073/pnas.0502506102
- ↑ Antzelevitch C, Pollevick GD, Cordeiro JM, Casis O, Sanguinetti MC, Aizawa Y, Guerchicoff A, Pfeiffer R, Oliva A, Wollnik B, Gelber P, Bonaros EP Jr, Burashnikov E, Wu Y, Sargent JD, Schickel S, Oberheiden R, Bhatia A, Hsu LF, Haissaguerre M, Schimpf R, Borggrefe M, Wolpert C. Loss-of-function mutations in the cardiac calcium channel underlie a new clinical entity characterized by ST-segment elevation, short QT intervals, and sudden cardiac death. Circulation. 2007 Jan 30;115(4):442-9. Epub 2007 Jan 15. PMID:17224476 doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.668392
- ↑ Schultz D, Mikala G, Yatani A, Engle DB, Iles DE, Segers B, Sinke RJ, Weghuis DO, Klockner U, Wakamori M, et al.. Cloning, chromosomal localization, and functional expression of the alpha 1 subunit of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel from normal human heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Jul 1;90(13):6228-32. PMID:8392192
- ↑ Soldatov NM, Bouron A, Reuter H. Different voltage-dependent inhibition by dihydropyridines of human Ca2+ channel splice variants. J Biol Chem. 1995 May 5;270(18):10540-3. PMID:7737988
- ↑ Soldatov NM, Zuhlke RD, Bouron A, Reuter H. Molecular structures involved in L-type calcium channel inactivation. Role of the carboxyl-terminal region encoded by exons 40-42 in alpha1C subunit in the kinetics and Ca2+ dependence of inactivation. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 7;272(6):3560-6. PMID:9013606
- ↑ Zuhlke RD, Bouron A, Soldatov NM, Reuter H. Ca2+ channel sensitivity towards the blocker isradipine is affected by alternative splicing of the human alpha1C subunit gene. FEBS Lett. 1998 May 8;427(2):220-4. PMID:9607315
- ↑ Lyford GL, Strege PR, Shepard A, Ou Y, Ermilov L, Miller SM, Gibbons SJ, Rae JL, Szurszewski JH, Farrugia G. alpha(1C) (Ca(V)1.2) L-type calcium channel mediates mechanosensitive calcium regulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2002 Sep;283(3):C1001-8. PMID:12176756 doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00140.2002
- ↑ Tiwari S, Zhang Y, Heller J, Abernethy DR, Soldatov NM. Atherosclerosis-related molecular alteration of the human CaV1.2 calcium channel alpha1C subunit. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 7;103(45):17024-9. Epub 2006 Oct 27. PMID:17071743 doi:0606539103
- ↑ Liu Z, Vogel HJ. Structural basis for the regulation of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels: interactions between the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain and Ca(2+)-calmodulin. Front Mol Neurosci. 2012;5:38. Epub 2012 Apr 12. PMID:22518098 doi:10.3389/fnmol.2012.00038
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