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Disease
[ACVL1_HUMAN] Defects in ACVRL1 are the cause of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2) [MIM:600376]; also known as Osler-Rendu-Weber syndrome 2 (ORW2). HHT2 is an autosomal dominant multisystemic vascular dysplasia, characterized by recurrent epistaxis, muco-cutaneous telangiectases, gastro-intestinal hemorrhage, and pulmonary, cerebral and hepatic arteriovenous malformations; all secondary manifestations of the underlying vascular dysplasia.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]
Function
[ACVL1_HUMAN] Type I receptor for TGF-beta family ligands BMP9/GDF2 and BMP10 and important regulator of normal blood vessel development. On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. May bind activin as well.[10] [11]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1, encoded by the gene ACVRL1) is a type I BMP/TGF-beta receptor that mediates signalling in endothelial cells via phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8. During angiogenesis, sprouting endothelial cells specialise into tip cells and stalk cells. ALK1 synergises with Notch in stalk cells to induce expression of the Notch targets HEY1 and HEY2 and thereby represses tip cell formation and angiogenic sprouting. The ALK1-Fc soluble protein fusion has entered clinic trials as a therapeutic strategy to sequester the high-affinity extracellular ligand BMP9. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the ALK1 intracellular kinase domain and explored the effects of a small molecule kinase inhibitor K02288 on angiogenesis. K02288 inhibited BMP9-induced phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells to reduce both the SMAD and the Notch-dependent transcriptional responses. In endothelial sprouting assays, K02288 treatment induced a hypersprouting phenotype reminiscent of Notch inhibition. Furthermore, K02288 caused dysfunctional vessel formation in a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay of angiogenesis. Such activity may be advantageous for small molecule inhibitors currently in preclinical development for specific BMP gain of function conditions, including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, as well as more generally for other applications in tumour biology.
A small molecule targeting ALK1 prevents Notch cooperativity and inhibits functional angiogenesis.,Kerr G, Sheldon H, Chaikuad A, Alfano I, von Delft F, Bullock AN, Harris AL Angiogenesis. 2015 Apr;18(2):209-17. doi: 10.1007/s10456-014-9457-y. Epub 2015, Jan 4. PMID:25557927[12]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Berg JN, Gallione CJ, Stenzel TT, Johnson DW, Allen WP, Schwartz CE, Jackson CE, Porteous ME, Marchuk DA. The activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene: genomic structure and mutations in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Jul;61(1):60-7. PMID:9245985 doi:S0002-9297(07)64277-3
- ↑ Johnson DW, Berg JN, Baldwin MA, Gallione CJ, Marondel I, Yoon SJ, Stenzel TT, Speer M, Pericak-Vance MA, Diamond A, Guttmacher AE, Jackson CE, Attisano L, Kucherlapati R, Porteous ME, Marchuk DA. Mutations in the activin receptor-like kinase 1 gene in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2. Nat Genet. 1996 Jun;13(2):189-95. PMID:8640225 doi:10.1038/ng0696-189
- ↑ Klaus DJ, Gallione CJ, Anthony K, Yeh EY, Yu J, Lux A, Johnson DW, Marchuk DA. Novel missense and frameshift mutations in the activin receptor-like kinase-1 gene in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. Mutations in brief no. 164. Online. Hum Mutat. 1998;12(2):137. PMID:10694922 doi:<137::AID-HUMU16>3.0.CO;2-J 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)12:2<137::AID-HUMU16>3.0.CO;2-J
- ↑ Abdalla SA, Pece-Barbara N, Vera S, Tapia E, Paez E, Bernabeu C, Letarte M. Analysis of ALK-1 and endoglin in newborns from families with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2. Hum Mol Genet. 2000 May 1;9(8):1227-37. PMID:10767348
- ↑ Kjeldsen AD, Brusgaard K, Poulsen L, Kruse T, Rasmussen K, Green A, Vase P. Mutations in the ALK-1 gene and the phenotype of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in two large Danish families. Am J Med Genet. 2001 Feb 1;98(4):298-302. PMID:11170071
- ↑ Trembath RC, Thomson JR, Machado RD, Morgan NV, Atkinson C, Winship I, Simonneau G, Galie N, Loyd JE, Humbert M, Nichols WC, Morrell NW, Berg J, Manes A, McGaughran J, Pauciulo M, Wheeler L. Clinical and molecular genetic features of pulmonary hypertension in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 2;345(5):325-34. PMID:11484689 doi:10.1056/NEJM200108023450503
- ↑ Harrison RE, Flanagan JA, Sankelo M, Abdalla SA, Rowell J, Machado RD, Elliott CG, Robbins IM, Olschewski H, McLaughlin V, Gruenig E, Kermeen F, Halme M, Raisanen-Sokolowski A, Laitinen T, Morrell NW, Trembath RC. Molecular and functional analysis identifies ALK-1 as the predominant cause of pulmonary hypertension related to hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia. J Med Genet. 2003 Dec;40(12):865-71. PMID:14684682
- ↑ Lesca G, Plauchu H, Coulet F, Lefebvre S, Plessis G, Odent S, Riviere S, Leheup B, Goizet C, Carette MF, Cordier JF, Pinson S, Soubrier F, Calender A, Giraud S. Molecular screening of ALK1/ACVRL1 and ENG genes in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia in France. Hum Mutat. 2004 Apr;23(4):289-99. PMID:15024723 doi:10.1002/humu.20017
- ↑ Kuehl HK, Caselitz M, Hasenkamp S, Wagner S, El-Harith el-HA, Manns MP, Stuhrmann M. Hepatic manifestation is associated with ALK1 in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia: identification of five novel ALK1 and one novel ENG mutations. Hum Mutat. 2005 Mar;25(3):320. PMID:15712270 doi:10.1002/humu.9311
- ↑ Mahlawat P, Ilangovan U, Biswas T, Sun LZ, Hinck AP. Structure of the Alk1 extracellular domain and characterization of its bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) binding properties. Biochemistry. 2012 Aug 14;51(32):6328-41. Epub 2012 Aug 2. PMID:22799562 doi:10.1021/bi300942x
- ↑ Townson SA, Martinez-Hackert E, Greppi C, Lowden P, Sako D, Liu J, Ucran JA, Liharska K, Underwood KW, Seehra J, Kumar R, Grinberg AV. Specificity and structure of a high affinity activin receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1) signaling complex. J Biol Chem. 2012 Jun 20. PMID:22718755 doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.377960
- ↑ Kerr G, Sheldon H, Chaikuad A, Alfano I, von Delft F, Bullock AN, Harris AL. A small molecule targeting ALK1 prevents Notch cooperativity and inhibits functional angiogenesis. Angiogenesis. 2015 Apr;18(2):209-17. doi: 10.1007/s10456-014-9457-y. Epub 2015, Jan 4. PMID:25557927 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10456-014-9457-y
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