| Structural highlights
Function
[OSPG_SHIFL] Effector proteins function to alter host cell physiology and promote bacterial survival in host tissues. This protein is a kinase that is involved in down-regulation of the host innate response induced by invasive bacteria. Prevents or at least delays host phospho-NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA) degradation. Does not phosphorylate E2 enzymes.[1] [UBC_HUMAN] Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.[2] [3] [UB2D3_HUMAN] Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In vitro catalyzes 'Lys-11'-, as well as 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination. Cooperates with the E2 CDC34 and the SCF(FBXW11) E3 ligase complex for the polyubiquitination of NFKBIA leading to its subsequent proteasomal degradation. Acts as an initiator E2, priming the phosphorylated NFKBIA target at positions 'Lys-21' and/or 'Lys-22' with a monoubiquitin. Ubiquitin chain elongation is then performed by CDC34, building ubiquitin chains from the UBE2D3-primed NFKBIA-linked ubiquitin. Acts also as an initiator E2, in conjunction with RNF8, for the priming of PCNA. Monoubiquitination of PCNA, and its subsequent polyubiquitination, are essential events in the operation of the DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathway that is activated after DNA damage caused by UV or chemical agents during S-phase. Associates with the BRCA1/BARD1 E3 ligase complex to perform ubiquitination at DNA damage sites following ionizing radiation leading to DNA repair. Targets DAPK3 for ubiquitination which influences promyelocytic leukemia protein nuclear body (PML-NB) formation in the nucleus. In conjunction with the MDM2 and TOPORS E3 ligases, functions ubiquitination of p53/TP53. Supports NRDP1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of ERBB3 and of BRUCE which triggers apoptosis. In conjunction with the CBL E3 ligase, targets EGFR for polyubiquitination at the plasma membrane as well as during its internalization and transport on endosomes. In conjunction with the STUB1 E3 quality control E3 ligase, ubiquitinates unfolded proteins to catalyze their immediate destruction (By similarity).[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Pathogenic bacteria introduce effector proteins directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells to promote invasion and colonization. OspG, a Shigella spp. effector kinase, plays a role in this process by helping to suppress the host inflammatory response. OspG has been reported to bind host E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes activated with ubiquitin (E2~Ub), a key enzyme complex in ubiquitin transfer pathways. A co-crystal structure of the OspG/UbcH5c~Ub complex reveals that complex formation has important ramifications for the activity of both OspG and the UbcH5c~Ub conjugate. OspG is a minimal kinase domain containing only essential elements required for catalysis. UbcH5c~Ub binding stabilizes an active conformation of the kinase, greatly enhancing OspG kinase activity. In contrast, interaction with OspG stabilizes an extended, less reactive form of UbcH5c~Ub. Recognizing conserved E2 features, OspG can interact with at least ten distinct human E2s~Ub. Mouse oral infection studies indicate that E2~Ub conjugates act as novel regulators of OspG effector kinase function in eukaryotic host cells.
E2~Ub conjugates regulate the kinase activity of Shigella effector OspG during pathogenesis.,Pruneda JN, Smith FD, Daurie A, Swaney DL, Villen J, Scott JD, Stadnyk AW, Le Trong I, Stenkamp RE, Klevit RE, Rohde JR, Brzovic PS EMBO J. 2014 Jan 20. PMID:24446487[18]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Kim DW, Lenzen G, Page AL, Legrain P, Sansonetti PJ, Parsot C. The Shigella flexneri effector OspG interferes with innate immune responses by targeting ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Sep 27;102(39):14046-51. Epub 2005 Sep 14. PMID:16162672 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504466102
- ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
- ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
- ↑ Gonen H, Bercovich B, Orian A, Carrano A, Takizawa C, Yamanaka K, Pagano M, Iwai K, Ciechanover A. Identification of the ubiquitin carrier proteins, E2s, involved in signal-induced conjugation and subsequent degradation of IkappaBalpha. J Biol Chem. 1999 May 21;274(21):14823-30. PMID:10329681
- ↑ Murata S, Minami Y, Minami M, Chiba T, Tanaka K. CHIP is a chaperone-dependent E3 ligase that ubiquitylates unfolded protein. EMBO Rep. 2001 Dec;2(12):1133-8. Epub 2001 Nov 21. PMID:11743028 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/embo-reports/kve246
- ↑ Yogosawa S, Miyauchi Y, Honda R, Tanaka H, Yasuda H. Mammalian Numb is a target protein of Mdm2, ubiquitin ligase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Mar 21;302(4):869-72. PMID:12646252
- ↑ Rajendra R, Malegaonkar D, Pungaliya P, Marshall H, Rasheed Z, Brownell J, Liu LF, Lutzker S, Saleem A, Rubin EH. Topors functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase with specific E2 enzymes and ubiquitinates p53. J Biol Chem. 2004 Aug 27;279(35):36440-4. Epub 2004 Jul 9. PMID:15247280 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C400300200
- ↑ Saville MK, Sparks A, Xirodimas DP, Wardrop J, Stevenson LF, Bourdon JC, Woods YL, Lane DP. Regulation of p53 by the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UbcH5B/C in vivo. J Biol Chem. 2004 Oct 1;279(40):42169-81. Epub 2004 Jul 26. PMID:15280377 doi:10.1074/jbc.M403362200
- ↑ Huang J, Huang Q, Zhou X, Shen MM, Yen A, Yu SX, Dong G, Qu K, Huang P, Anderson EM, Daniel-Issakani S, Buller RM, Payan DG, Lu HH. The poxvirus p28 virulence factor is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 24;279(52):54110-6. Epub 2004 Oct 20. PMID:15496420 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M410583200
- ↑ Polanowska J, Martin JS, Garcia-Muse T, Petalcorin MI, Boulton SJ. A conserved pathway to activate BRCA1-dependent ubiquitylation at DNA damage sites. EMBO J. 2006 May 17;25(10):2178-88. Epub 2006 Apr 20. PMID:16628214 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7601102
- ↑ Ohbayashi N, Okada K, Kawakami S, Togi S, Sato N, Ikeda O, Kamitani S, Muromoto R, Sekine Y, Kawai T, Akira S, Matsuda T. Physical and functional interactions between ZIP kinase and UbcH5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008 Aug 8;372(4):708-12. doi:, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.113. Epub 2008 Jun 2. PMID:18515077 doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.05.113
- ↑ Zhang S, Chea J, Meng X, Zhou Y, Lee EY, Lee MY. PCNA is ubiquitinated by RNF8. Cell Cycle. 2008 Nov 1;7(21):3399-404. PMID:18948756
- ↑ Umebayashi K, Stenmark H, Yoshimori T. Ubc4/5 and c-Cbl continue to ubiquitinate EGF receptor after internalization to facilitate polyubiquitination and degradation. Mol Biol Cell. 2008 Aug;19(8):3454-62. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E07-10-0988. Epub 2008, May 28. PMID:18508924 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E07-10-0988
- ↑ Kubori T, Hyakutake A, Nagai H. Legionella translocates an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has multiple U-boxes with distinct functions. Mol Microbiol. 2008 Mar;67(6):1307-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06124.x., Epub 2008 Feb 13. PMID:18284575 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06124.x
- ↑ David Y, Ziv T, Admon A, Navon A. The E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes direct polyubiquitination to preferred lysines. J Biol Chem. 2010 Jan 8. PMID:20061386 doi:M109.089003
- ↑ Wu K, Kovacev J, Pan ZQ. Priming and extending: a UbcH5/Cdc34 E2 handoff mechanism for polyubiquitination on a SCF substrate. Mol Cell. 2010 Mar 26;37(6):784-96. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.02.025. PMID:20347421 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.02.025
- ↑ Wenzel DM, Lissounov A, Brzovic PS, Klevit RE. UBCH7 reactivity profile reveals parkin and HHARI to be RING/HECT hybrids. Nature. 2011 Jun 2;474(7349):105-8. doi: 10.1038/nature09966. Epub 2011 May 1. PMID:21532592 doi:10.1038/nature09966
- ↑ Pruneda JN, Smith FD, Daurie A, Swaney DL, Villen J, Scott JD, Stadnyk AW, Le Trong I, Stenkamp RE, Klevit RE, Rohde JR, Brzovic PS. E2~Ub conjugates regulate the kinase activity of Shigella effector OspG during pathogenesis. EMBO J. 2014 Jan 20. PMID:24446487 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/embj.201386386
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