User:Tereza Čalounová/Sandbox 1

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This is a default text for your page Tereza Čalounová/Sandbox 1. Click above on edit this page to modify. Be careful with the < and > signs. You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia ^[1] or to the article describing Jmol ^[2] to the rescue.

Function

Cardiolipin

Disease - Barth syndrome

Barth syndrome (BTHS), also known as 3-Methylglutaconic aciduria type II, is an X-linked genetic disorder. The disease is caused by mutation in TAZ gene which encodes for protein tafazzin. (1) Tafazzin works as an acyltransferase in complex lipid metabolism, it is responsible for altering immature cardiolipin - intermediate monolysocardiolipin (with three linoleic acid side chains) (MLCL). (2,4) Cardiolipin makes up 20% of mitochondrial lipids and is closely connected with the electron transport chain proteins and the inner membrane structure of the mitochondria. (3) Mutations in TAZ gene lead to tafazzin not working properly, immature cardiolipin accumulates whereas the level of cardiolipin is low (mature cardiolopin has four linoleic acid side chains). (2,4) Mitochondria in affected patients are not having a normal shape and functions. Reduced energy production of mitochondria results in apoptosis of cells in tissues with high energy demands, especially cardiac and skeletal muscles. Moreover abnormally shaped mitochondria in white blood cells may affect their ability to proliferate. This causes neutropenia - decreased amount of white blood cells leading to higher risk of infections. (1) This results in deficiency of cardiolipin (CL) with four linoleic acid side chains and relative excess of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL, with just three side chains), and hence to a highly abnormal MLCL/CL ratio (Valianpour et al., 2005; Schlame, 2007). This feature has recently allowed the development of a highly sensitive and specific assay applicable to lymphocytes, platelets, muscle biopsies, fibroblasts or even single stored neonatal bloodspots (Kulik et al., 2008). (4)

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/barth-syndrome#

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092544391830334X?via%3Dihub Cardio-Skeletal Muscle Disease Associated With Syndromes Z. Khuchua, J.A. Towbin, in Cardioskeletal Myopathies in Children and Young Adults, 2017 - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/tafazzin https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pd.2599

Symptoms

• dilated cardiomyopathy (CMD)
• endocardial fibroelastosis (EFE)
• a predominantly proximal skeletal myopathy
• growth retardation
• neutropenia
• organic aciduria
• excess of 3-methylglutaconic acid

(https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pd.2599)

Relevance

Structural highlights

3D structure of tafazzin was not experimentaly determined yet. This is a sample scene created with SAT to by Group, and another to make of the protein. You can make your own scenes on SAT starting from scratch or loading and editing one of these sample scenes.

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References

1. ↑ Hanson, R. M., Prilusky, J., Renjian, Z., Nakane, T. and Sussman, J. L. (2013), JSmol and the Next-Generation Web-Based Representation of 3D Molecular Structure as Applied to Proteopedia. Isr. J. Chem., 53:207-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201300024
2. ↑ Herraez A. Biomolecules in the computer: Jmol to the rescue. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2006 Jul;34(4):255-61. doi: 10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644. PMID:21638687 doi:10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644