| Structural highlights
Function
[POLG_ENMGO] Capsid proteins VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4 form a closed capsid enclosing the viral positive strand RNA genome. VP4 lies on the inner surface of the protein shell formed by VP1, VP2 and VP3. All the three latter proteins contain a beta-sheet structure called beta-barrel jelly roll. Together they form an icosahedral capsid (T=3) composed of 60 copies of each VP1, VP2, and VP3, with a diameter of approximately 300 Angstroms. VP1 is situated at the 12 fivefold axes, whereas VP2 and VP3 are located at the quasi-sixfold axes (By similarity). Protein VP0: VP0 precursor is a component of immature procapsids (By similarity). Protein 2B: Affects membrane integrity and cause an increase in membrane permeability (By similarity). Protein 2C: Associates with and induces structural rearrangements of intracellular membranes. It displays RNA-binding, nucleotide binding and NTPase activities (By similarity). Protein 3A, via its hydrophobic domain, serves as membrane anchor (By similarity). Protease 3C: cysteine protease that generates mature viral proteins from the precursor polyprotein. In addition to its proteolytic activity, it binds to viral RNA, and thus influences viral genome replication. RNA and substrate bind cooperatively to the protease (By similarity). RNA-directed RNA polymerase 3D-POL replicates genomic and antigenomic RNA by recognizing replications specific signals (By similarity). Protein 2A: is involved in host translation shutoff. Nuclear localization is required for this function (By similarity).
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae contains many important human pathogens (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, and enterovirus 71) for which no antiviral drugs are available. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is an attractive target for antiviral therapy. Nucleoside-based inhibitors have broad-spectrum activity but often exhibit off-target effects. Most non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNIs) target surface cavities, which are structurally more flexible than the nucleotide-binding pocket, and hence have a more narrow spectrum of activity and are more prone to resistance development. Here, we report a novel NNI, GPC-N114 (2,2'-[(4-chloro-1,2-phenylene)bis(oxy)]bis(5-nitro-benzonitrile)) with broad-spectrum activity against enteroviruses and cardioviruses (another genus in the picornavirus family). Surprisingly, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and poliovirus displayed a high genetic barrier to resistance against GPC-N114. By contrast, EMCV, a cardiovirus, rapidly acquired resistance due to mutations in 3Dpol. In vitro polymerase activity assays showed that GPC-N114 i) inhibited the elongation activity of recombinant CVB3 and EMCV 3Dpol, (ii) had reduced activity against EMCV 3Dpol with the resistance mutations, and (iii) was most efficient in inhibiting 3Dpol when added before the RNA template-primer duplex. Elucidation of a crystal structure of the inhibitor bound to CVB3 3Dpol confirmed the RNA-binding channel as the target for GPC-N114. Docking studies of the compound into the crystal structures of the compound-resistant EMCV 3Dpol mutants suggested that the resistant phenotype is due to subtle changes that interfere with the binding of GPC-N114 but not of the RNA template-primer. In conclusion, this study presents the first NNI that targets the RNA template channel of the picornavirus polymerase and identifies a new pocket that can be used for the design of broad-spectrum inhibitors. Moreover, this study provides important new insight into the plasticity of picornavirus polymerases at the template binding site.
The RNA Template Channel of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a Target for Development of Antiviral Therapy of Multiple Genera within a Virus Family.,van der Linden L, Vives-Adrian L, Selisko B, Ferrer-Orta C, Liu X, Lanke K, Ulferts R, De Palma AM, Tanchis F, Goris N, Lefebvre D, De Clercq K, Leyssen P, Lacroix C, Purstinger G, Coutard B, Canard B, Boehr DD, Arnold JJ, Cameron CE, Verdaguer N, Neyts J, van Kuppeveld FJ PLoS Pathog. 2015 Mar 23;11(3):e1004733. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004733., eCollection 2015 Mar. PMID:25799064[1]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ van der Linden L, Vives-Adrian L, Selisko B, Ferrer-Orta C, Liu X, Lanke K, Ulferts R, De Palma AM, Tanchis F, Goris N, Lefebvre D, De Clercq K, Leyssen P, Lacroix C, Purstinger G, Coutard B, Canard B, Boehr DD, Arnold JJ, Cameron CE, Verdaguer N, Neyts J, van Kuppeveld FJ. The RNA Template Channel of the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase as a Target for Development of Antiviral Therapy of Multiple Genera within a Virus Family. PLoS Pathog. 2015 Mar 23;11(3):e1004733. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004733., eCollection 2015 Mar. PMID:25799064 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004733
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