Phosphodiesterase

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== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
The yeast PDE 1 <scene name='47/478801/Cv/3'>cGMP binding pocket</scene> is located between 2 monomers and contains <scene name='47/478801/Cv/5'>2 Zn+2 ions</scene><ref>PMID:25050706</ref>. Water molecules shown as red spheres.
The yeast PDE 1 <scene name='47/478801/Cv/3'>cGMP binding pocket</scene> is located between 2 monomers and contains <scene name='47/478801/Cv/5'>2 Zn+2 ions</scene><ref>PMID:25050706</ref>. Water molecules shown as red spheres.
 +
 +
== 3D Structures of phosphodiesterase==
 +
[[Phosphodiesterase 3D structures]]
</StructureSection>
</StructureSection>
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**[[1ksg]], [[1ksh]], [[1ksj]] – hPDE δ subunit + ARF-like protein - human<BR />
**[[1ksg]], [[1ksh]], [[1ksj]] – hPDE δ subunit + ARF-like protein - human<BR />
-
**[[2ju4]] - PDE γ subunit – bovine - NMR<BR />
+
**[[2ju4]] - bPDE γ subunit – bovine - NMR<BR />
 +
**[[6mzb]] - bPDE α,β,γ subunits – Cryo EM<br />
**[[4kie]], [[4lyk]] - EcPDE EAL domain – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
**[[4kie]], [[4lyk]] - EcPDE EAL domain – ''Escherichia coli''<br />
**[[4lj3]] - EcPDE EAL domain + GMP<br />
**[[4lj3]] - EcPDE EAL domain + GMP<br />
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**[[1f0j]] – mPDE 2a regulatory domain (mutant) – mouse<BR />
**[[1f0j]] – mPDE 2a regulatory domain (mutant) – mouse<BR />
**[[1z1l]], [[3ibj]], [[3itm]] - hPDE 2a catalytic domain<BR />
**[[1z1l]], [[3ibj]], [[3itm]] - hPDE 2a catalytic domain<BR />
-
**[[3itu]], [[4htx]], [[4htz]], [[4jib]], [[4d08]], [[4d09]], [[5xkm]], [[5vp0]], [[5vp1]], [[5u7l]], [[5u7k]], [[5u7j]], [[5u7i]], [[5u7d]], [[5u00]], [[5tzz]], [[5tzx]], [[5tzw]], [[5tzh]], [[5tzc]], [[5tza]], [[5tz3]], [[6ezf]], [[6c7j]], [[6c7i]], [[6c7g]], [[6c7f]], [[6c7e]], [[6c7d]], [[6b98]], [[6b97]], [[6b96]], [[4c1i]] - hPDE 2a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
+
**[[3itu]], [[4htx]], [[4htz]], [[4jib]], [[4d08]], [[4d09]], [[5xkm]], [[5vp0]], [[5vp1]], [[5u7l]], [[5u7k]], [[5u7j]], [[5u7i]], [[5u7d]], [[5u00]], [[5tzz]], [[5tzx]], [[5tzw]], [[5tzh]], [[5tzc]], [[5tza]], [[5tz3]], [[6ezf]], [[6c7j]], [[6c7i]], [[6c7g]], [[6c7f]], [[6c7e]], [[6c7d]], [[6b98]], [[6b97]], [[6b96]], [[4c1i]], [[6cyd]], [[6cyc]], [[6cyb]], [[6blf]] - hPDE 2a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
 +
**[[1f0j]] – mPDE 2a regulatory domain (mutant) – mouse<BR />
 +
**[[6cpu]] - CaPDE 2 – ''Candida albicans''<br />
 +
**[[6cpt]] - CaPDE 2 + IBMX<br />
*PDE 2H or RNA 2’,3’-cyclic PDE
*PDE 2H or RNA 2’,3’-cyclic PDE
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**[[1so2]], [[1soj]] – hPDE 3b catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
**[[1so2]], [[1soj]] – hPDE 3b catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
 +
**[[5z7c]] – PDE 3 (mutant) – ''Vibrio cholerae'' <br />
*PDE 4a
*PDE 4a
**[[3i8v]], [[3tvx]] – hPDE 4a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
**[[3i8v]], [[3tvx]] – hPDE 4a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
 +
**[[6fg5]], [[6ezu]] - PDE 4a residues 230-597 – ''Schistosoma mansoni''<br />
*PDE 4b or cAMP-specific 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
*PDE 4b or cAMP-specific 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
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**[[1ptw]], [[1tb7]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + AMP<BR />
**[[1ptw]], [[1tb7]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + AMP<BR />
**[[2pw3]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain (mutant) + AMP<BR />
**[[2pw3]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain (mutant) + AMP<BR />
-
**[[1y2b]], [[1y2c]], [[1y2d]], [[1y2e]], [[1y2k]], [[1zkn]], [[2fm0]], [[2fm5]], [[2qyn]], [[3k4s]], [[3sl3]], [[3sl4]], [[3sl5]], [[3sl6]], [[3sl8]], [[3v9b]], [[5wqa]], [[5tkb]], [[5k32]], [[5k1i]], [[4wcu]], [[4w1o]], [[4ogb]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
+
**[[1y2b]], [[1y2c]], [[1y2d]], [[1y2e]], [[1y2k]], [[1zkn]], [[2fm0]], [[2fm5]], [[2qyn]], [[3k4s]], [[3sl3]], [[3sl4]], [[3sl5]], [[3sl6]], [[3sl8]], [[3v9b]], [[5wqa]], [[5tkb]], [[5k32]], [[5k1i]], [[4wcu]], [[4w1o]], [[4ogb]], [[6fdc]], [[6f8x]], [[6f8w]], [[6f8v]], [[6f8u]], [[6f8t]], [[6f8r]], [[6f6u]], [[5wh6]], [[5wh5]], [[5lbo]], [[6rcw]], [[6inm]], [[6ink]], [[6ind]], [[6imt]], [[6imr]], [[6imo]], [[6imd]], [[6imi]], [[6imb]], [[6im6]], [[6hwo]], [[6fw3]], [[6ftw]], [[6fta]], [[6ft0]], [[6fet]], [[6feb]], [[6fe7]], [[6fdi]], [[6boj]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
 +
**[[6njj]], [[6nji]], [[6njh]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
**[[3iad]], [[3g4g]], [[3g4i]], [[3g58]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + modulator
**[[3iad]], [[3g4g]], [[3g4i]], [[3g58]] - hPDE 4d catalytic domain + modulator
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**[[2h40]] - hPDE 5a catalytic domain <BR />
**[[2h40]] - hPDE 5a catalytic domain <BR />
**[[1t9r]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain<BR />
**[[1t9r]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain<BR />
-
**[[2k31]] - mPDE 5a cGMP-binding domain – NMR<BR />
 
**[[3lfv]], [[3mf0]], [[2xss]] - hPDE 5a GAF domain<BR />
**[[3lfv]], [[3mf0]], [[2xss]] - hPDE 5a GAF domain<BR />
**[[1rkp]], [[3tgg]] – hPDE 5a1 catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
**[[1rkp]], [[3tgg]] – hPDE 5a1 catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-
**[[2chm]], [[4oex]], [[4oew]], [[4g2w]], [[4g2y]], [[4i9z]], [[4ia0]], [[4md6]], [[5jo3]] - hPDE 5a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
+
**[[2chm]], [[4oex]], [[4oew]], [[4g2w]], [[4g2y]], [[4i9z]], [[4ia0]], [[4md6]], [[5jo3]], [[6acb]], [[5zz2]] - hPDE 5a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
**[[2h44]], [[3bjc]], [[3hc8]], [[3hdz]], [[3shy]], [[3shz]], [[3sie]], [[3tge]] - hPDE 5a1 catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
**[[2h44]], [[3bjc]], [[3hc8]], [[3hdz]], [[3shy]], [[3shz]], [[3sie]], [[3tge]] - hPDE 5a1 catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
**[[1udt]], [[1udu]], [[1uho]], [[1tbf]], [[1xoz]], [[1xp0]], [[2h42]], [[3b2r]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain + drug<br />
**[[1udt]], [[1udu]], [[1uho]], [[1tbf]], [[1xoz]], [[1xp0]], [[2h42]], [[3b2r]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain + drug<br />
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**[[3jwr]] - hPDE 5/hPDE 6 catalytic domain + hPDE γ subunit peptide + inhibitor<br />
**[[3jwr]] - hPDE 5/hPDE 6 catalytic domain + hPDE γ subunit peptide + inhibitor<br />
**[[1t9s]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain + GMP<br />
**[[1t9s]] - hPDE 5 catalytic domain + GMP<br />
 +
**[[2k31]] - mPDE 5a cGMP-binding domain – NMR<BR />
**[[5w10]] - PDE + cAMP – ''Leptospira interrogans''<br />
**[[5w10]] - PDE + cAMP – ''Leptospira interrogans''<br />
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*PDE 9
*PDE 9
-
**[[2hd1]], [[2yy2]], [[3jsi]], [[3jsw]], [[3k3e]], [[3k3h]], [[4e90]], [[4g2j]], [[4g2l]], [[4gh6]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + RPGR<br />
+
**[[2hd1]], [[2yy2]], [[3jsi]], [[3jsw]], [[3k3e]], [[3k3h]], [[4e90]], [[4g2j]], [[4g2l]], [[4gh6]],[[4y8c]], [[4y87]], [[4y86]], [[6a3n]] - hPDE 6d δ subunit + RPGR<br />
**[[3n3z]], [[3qi3]], [[3qi4]] - hPDE 9a catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
**[[3n3z]], [[3qi3]], [[3qi4]] - hPDE 9a catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
**[[3dy8]], [[3dyl]], [[3dyn]], [[3dyq]], [[3dys]] - hPDE 9 catalytic domain + GMP<br />
**[[3dy8]], [[3dyl]], [[3dyn]], [[3dyq]], [[3dys]] - hPDE 9 catalytic domain + GMP<br />
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*PDE 10 or cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
*PDE 10 or cAMP and cAMP-inhibited cGMP 3’,5’-cyclic PDE
-
**[[2o8h]] – rPDE 10a catalytic domain<BR />
 
**[[2oup]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain<BR />
**[[2oup]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain<BR />
**[[2zmf]] – hPDE 10a C terminal<BR />
**[[2zmf]] – hPDE 10a C terminal<BR />
**[[2ous]], [[2ouv]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) <BR />
**[[2ous]], [[2ouv]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) <BR />
-
**[[2ovv]], [[2ovy]] – rPDE 10a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
+
**[[2qyk]], [[3lxg]], [[2y0j]], [[3qpn]], [[3qpo]], [[3qpp]], [[3sn7]], [[3sni]], [[3snl]], [[3wi2]], [[4ael]], [[4ajd]], [[4ajf]], [[4ajg]], [[4ajm]], [[4ddl]], [[4fcb]], [[4fcd]], [[4heu]], [[4hf4]], [[4lkq]], [[4llj]], [[4llk]], [[4llp]], [[4llx]], [[4lm0]], [[4lm1]], [[4lm2]], [[4lm3]], [[4lm4]], [[4muw]], [[4mvh]], [[4yqh]], [[4ys7]], [[3ws8]], [[3ws9]], [[3wyk]], [[3wyl]], [[3wym]], [[4mrw]], [[4mrz]], [[4ms0]], [[4msa]], [[4msc]], [[4mse]], [[4msh]], [[4msn]], [[5uwf]], [[5k9r]], [[5i2r]], [[5edi]], [[5edh]], [[5edg]], [[5ede]], [[5dh5]], [[5dh4]], [[5c2h]], [[5c2e]], [[5c2a]], [[5c29]], [[5c28]], [[5c1w]], [[5b4k]], [[5b4l]], [[5axq]], [[5axp]], [[4zo5]], [[4xy2]], [[4wn1]], [[4tpp]], [[4tpm]], [[4phw]], [[4p1r]], [[4p0n]], [[5xuj]], [[5xui]], [[6msc]], [[6msa]], [[6ke0]], [[6kdz]], [[6kdx]], [[6iji]], [[6ijh]], [[5znl]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
-
**[[2qyk]], [[3lxg]], [[2y0j]], [[3qpn]], [[3qpo]], [[3qpp]], [[3sn7]], [[3sni]], [[3snl]], [[3wi2]], [[4ael]], [[4ajd]], [[4ajf]], [[4ajg]], [[4ajm]], [[4ddl]], [[4fcb]], [[4fcd]], [[4heu]], [[4hf4]], [[4lkq]], [[4llj]], [[4llk]], [[4llp]], [[4llx]], [[4lm0]], [[4lm1]], [[4lm2]], [[4lm3]], [[4lm4]], [[4muw]], [[4mvh]], [[4yqh]], [[4ys7]], [[3ws8]], [[3ws9]], [[3wyk]], [[3wyl]], [[3wym]], [[4mrw]], [[4mrz]], [[4ms0]], [[4msa]], [[4msc]], [[4mse]], [[4msh]], [[4msn]], [[5uwf]], [[5k9r]], [[5i2r]], [[5edi]], [[5edh]], [[5edg]], [[5ede]], [[5dh5]], [[5dh4]], [[5c2h]], [[5c2e]], [[5c2a]], [[5c29]], [[5c28]], [[5c1w]], [[5b4k]], [[5b4l]], [[5axq]], [[5axp]], [[4zo5]], [[4xy2]], [[4wn1]], [[4tpp]], [[4tpm]], [[4phw]], [[4p1r]], [[4p0n]], [[5xuj]], [[5xui]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
+
**[[2wey]], [[3hqw]], [[3hqy]], [[3hqz]], [[3hr1]], [[3ui7]], [[3uuo]], [[4bbx]], [[4dff]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain + schizophrenia drug<br />
**[[2wey]], [[3hqw]], [[3hqy]], [[3hqz]], [[3hr1]], [[3ui7]], [[3uuo]], [[4bbx]], [[4dff]] - hPDE 10a catalytic domain + schizophrenia drug<br />
**[[2oun]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain + AMP<BR />
**[[2oun]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain + AMP<BR />
**[[2our]], [[2ouy]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) + AMP<BR />
**[[2our]], [[2ouy]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) + AMP<BR />
**[[2ouq]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain + GMP<BR />
**[[2ouq]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain + GMP<BR />
-
**[[2ouu]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) + GMP
+
**[[2ouu]] - hPDE 10a2 catalytic domain (mutant) + GMP<br />
 +
**[[2o8h]] – rPDE 10a catalytic domain<BR />
 +
**[[6k9u]], [[2ovv]], [[2ovy]] - rPDE 10a catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
*PDE 12
*PDE 12
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**[[4i15]] – TbPDEb1 catalytic domain – ''Trypanosoma brucei''<br />
**[[4i15]] – TbPDEb1 catalytic domain – ''Trypanosoma brucei''<br />
-
**[[5l9h]], [[5l8y]], [[5l8c]], [[5g5v]], [[5g57]], [[5g2b]], [[4phl]] – TbPDEb1 catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
+
**[[5l9h]], [[5l8y]], [[5l8c]], [[5g5v]], [[5g57]], [[5g2b]], [[4phl]], [[6rgk]], [[6rfw]], [[6rfn]], [[6rb6]], [[6gxq]], [[6fv9]], [[6ftm]], [[6frd]], [[6fe3]], [[6fdx]], [[6fdw]], [[6fds]] – TbPDEb1 catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
*PDE b2
*PDE b2
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**[[5v1m]] - hPDE + UMP <br />
**[[5v1m]] - hPDE + UMP <br />
 +
**[[6d31]] - hPDE + AMP <br />
 +
**[[6d30]], [[6d2z]] - hPDE (mutant) + RNA <br />
**[[5uqj]] - yPDE <br />
**[[5uqj]] - yPDE <br />
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*Tyrosyl-DNA PDE
*Tyrosyl-DNA PDE
-
**[[1q32]] – yPDE <BR />
+
**[[1jy1]], [[1qzq]] – hPDE1 catalytic domain<BR />
-
**[[3sq3]], [[3sq5]], [[3sq7]], [[3sq8]] – yPDE (mutant) <BR />
+
**[[1mu7]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + WO4<BR />
-
**[[1jy1]], [[1qzq]] – hPDE1 residues 149-608<BR />
+
**[[1mu9]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + VO4<BR />
 +
**[[1nop]], [[1rff]], [[1rfi]], [[1rg1]], [[1rg2]], [[1rgt]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + DNA + topoisomerase peptide + VO4<BR />
 +
**[[1rgu]], [[1rh0]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + polynucleotide + neurohormone<br />
 +
**[[6n19]], [[6n17]], [[6n0r]], [[6n0o]], [[6n0n]], [[6n0d]], [[6mz0]], [[6myz]], [[6mj5]], [[6djj]], [[6dji]], [[6djh]], [[6djg]], [[6djf]], [[6dje]], [[6djd]], [[6dim]], [[6dih]], [[6die]], [[6dhu]] - hPDE catalytic domain + inhibitor<br />
 +
**[[5j3s]], [[5j3p]] - hPDE catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
 +
**[[5nwa]], [[5nw9]] – hPDE1 residues 1-148 + DNA <br />
 +
**[[5j3s]], [[5j3p]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
**[[5inm]] - mPDE catalytic domain <br />
**[[5inm]] - mPDE catalytic domain <br />
**[[5inn]] - mPDE catalytic domain (mutant) <br />
**[[5inn]] - mPDE catalytic domain (mutant) <br />
-
**[[4f1i]], [[4fva]], [[4gew]] – PDE – ''Caenorhabditis elegans''<br />
 
-
**[[1mu7]] - hPDE1 residues 149-608 (mutant) + WO4<BR />
 
-
**[[1mu9]] - hPDE1 residues 149-608 (mutant) + VO4<BR />
 
-
**[[1nop]], [[1rff]], [[1rfi]], [[1rg1]], [[1rg2]], [[1rgt]] - hPDE1 residues 149-608 (mutant) + DNA + topoisomerase peptide + VO4<BR />
 
-
**[[1rgu]], [[1rh0]] - hPDE1 residues 149-608 (mutant) + polynucleotide + neurohormone<br />
 
-
**[[5nwa]], [[5nw9]] – hPDE1 + DNA <br />
 
-
**[[4f1h]], [[4fpv]] – zPDE + DNA – zebra fish<br />
 
**[[4gz0]], [[4gz1]], [[4gz2]], [[4puq]], [[5inq]], [[5inp]], [[5ino]], [[5inl]], [[5ink]], [[5ht2]] – mPDE catalytic domain + DNA<br />
**[[4gz0]], [[4gz1]], [[4gz2]], [[4puq]], [[5inq]], [[5inp]], [[5ino]], [[5inl]], [[5ink]], [[5ht2]] – mPDE catalytic domain + DNA<br />
**[[5tvq]] – mPDE catalytic domain + SUMO-2<br />
**[[5tvq]] – mPDE catalytic domain + SUMO-2<br />
**[[5tvp]] – mPDE catalytic domain + SUMO-2 + DNA<br />
**[[5tvp]] – mPDE catalytic domain + SUMO-2 + DNA<br />
**[[5j42]], [[5j3z]] - mPDE catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
**[[5j42]], [[5j3z]] - mPDE catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
-
**[[5j3s]], [[5j3p]] - hPDE1 catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor<br />
+
**[[4f1h]], [[4fpv]] – zPDE + DNA – zebra fish<br />
**[[6ca4]] - zPDE catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor <br />
**[[6ca4]] - zPDE catalytic domain (mutant) + inhibitor <br />
 +
**[[1q32]] – yPDE <BR />
 +
**[[3sq3]], [[3sq5]], [[3sq7]], [[3sq8]] – yPDE (mutant) <BR />
 +
**[[4f1i]], [[4fva]], [[4gew]] – PDE – ''Caenorhabditis elegans''<br />
*Glycerophosphodiester PDE
*Glycerophosphodiester PDE

Revision as of 10:42, 17 November 2019

Yeast phosphodiesterase 1 complex with GMP, MPD and Zn+2 (grey) ions (PDB entry 4ojx)

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

3D Structures of phosphodiesterase

Updated on 17-November-2019

References

  1. ↑ Schermuly RT, Pullamsetti SS, Kwapiszewska G, Dumitrascu R, Tian X, Weissmann N, Ghofrani HA, Kaulen C, Dunkern T, Schudt C, Voswinckel R, Zhou J, Samidurai A, Klepetko W, Paddenberg R, Kummer W, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Phosphodiesterase 1 upregulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: target for reverse-remodeling therapy. Circulation. 2007 May 1;115(17):2331-9. Epub 2007 Apr 16. PMID:17438150 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676809
  2. ↑ Whalin ME, Scammell JG, Strada SJ, Thompson WJ. Phosphodiesterase II, the cGMP-activatable cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, regulates cyclic AMP metabolism in PC12 cells. Mol Pharmacol. 1991 Jun;39(6):711-7. PMID:1646946
  3. ↑ Tilley DG, Maurice DH. Vascular smooth muscle cell phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3 and PDE4 activities and levels are regulated by cyclic AMP in vivo. Mol Pharmacol. 2002 Sep;62(3):497-506. PMID:12181425
  4. ↑ Morin F, Lugnier C, Kameni J, Voisin P. Expression and role of phosphodiesterase 6 in the chicken pineal gland. J Neurochem. 2001 Jul;78(1):88-99. PMID:11432976
  5. ↑ Redondo M, Brea J, Perez DI, Soteras I, Val C, Perez C, Morales-Garcia JA, Alonso-Gil S, Paul-Fernandez N, Martin-Alvarez R, Cadavid MI, Loza MI, Perez-Castillo A, Mengod G, Campillo NE, Martinez A, Gil C. Effect of phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) inhibitors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Discovery of a new chemically diverse family of compounds. J Med Chem. 2012 Apr 12;55(7):3274-84. doi: 10.1021/jm201720d. Epub 2012 Mar 16. PMID:22385507 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm201720d
  6. ↑ Dong H, Osmanova V, Epstein PM, Brocke S. Phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8) regulates chemotaxis of activated lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Jun 30;345(2):713-9. Epub 2006 May 3. PMID:16696947 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.04.143
  7. ↑ Singh N, Patra S. Phosphodiesterase 9: insights from protein structure and role in therapeutics. Life Sci. 2014 Jun 13;106(1-2):1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.007. Epub 2014, Apr 16. PMID:24746902 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.007
  8. ↑ Qiu Y, Yanase T, Hu H, Tanaka T, Nishi Y, Liu M, Sueishi K, Sawamura T, Nawata H. Dihydrotestosterone suppresses foam cell formation and attenuates atherosclerosis development. Endocrinology. 2010 Jul;151(7):3307-16. doi: 10.1210/en.2009-1268. Epub 2010 Apr , 28. PMID:20427482 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2009-1268
  9. ↑ Wood ER, Bledsoe R, Chai J, Daka P, Deng H, Ding Y, Harris-Gurley S, Kryn LH, Nartey E, Nichols J, Nolte RT, Prabhu N, Rise C, Sheahan T, Shotwell JB, Smith D, Tai V, Taylor JD, Tomberlin G, Wang L, Wisely B, You S, Xia B, Dickson H. The Role of Phosphodiesterase 12 (PDE12) as a Negative Regulator of the Innate Immune Response and the Discovery of Antiviral Inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 2015 Jun 8. pii: jbc.M115.653113. PMID:26055709 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.653113
  10. ↑ Mroczek S, Krwawicz J, Kutner J, Lazniewski M, Kucinski I, Ginalski K, Dziembowski A. C16orf57, a gene mutated in poikiloderma with neutropenia, encodes a putative phosphodiesterase responsible for the U6 snRNA 3' end modification. Genes Dev. 2012 Sep 1;26(17):1911-25. doi: 10.1101/gad.193169.112. Epub 2012 Aug , 16. PMID:22899009 doi:10.1101/gad.193169.112
  11. ↑ Schmidt AJ, Ryjenkov DA, Gomelsky M. The ubiquitous protein domain EAL is a cyclic diguanylate-specific phosphodiesterase: enzymatically active and inactive EAL domains. J Bacteriol. 2005 Jul;187(14):4774-81. PMID:15995192 doi:http://dx.doi.org/187/14/4774
  12. ↑ Jin SL, Ding SL, Lin SC. Phosphodiesterase 4 and its inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Chang Gung Med J. 2012 May-Jun;35(3):197-210. PMID:22735051
  13. ↑ Reffelmann T, Kloner RA. Cardiovascular effects of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12(27):3485-94. PMID:17017941
  14. ↑ Garcia AM, Redondo M, Martinez A, Gil C. Phosphodiesterase 10 inhibitors: new disease modifying drugs for Parkinson's disease? Curr Med Chem. 2014 Apr;21(10):1171-87. PMID:24372206
  15. ↑ Tian Y, Cui W, Huang M, Robinson H, Wan Y, Wang Y, Ke H. Dual specificity and novel structural folding of yeast phosphodiesterase-1 for hydrolysis of second messengers cyclic adenosine and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Biochemistry. 2014 Aug 5;53(30):4938-45. doi: 10.1021/bi500406h. Epub 2014 Jul, 22. PMID:25050706 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi500406h

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