6ulg

Structural highlights

Disease

[LTOR2_HUMAN] Primary immunodeficiency syndrome due to p14 deficiency. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. [FLCN_HUMAN] Familial spontaneous pneumothorax;Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The gene represented in this entry may be involved in disease pathogenesis.

Function

[LTOR1_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. LAMTOR1 is directly responsible for anchoring the Ragulator complex to membranes. Also required for late endosomes/lysosomes biogenesis it may regulate both the recycling of receptors through endosomes and the MAPK signaling pathway through recruitment of some of its components to late endosomes. May be involved in cholesterol homeostasis regulating LDL uptake and cholesterol release from late endosomes/lysosomes. May also play a role in RHOA activation.^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} [LTOR2_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. Adapter protein that enhances the efficiency of the MAP kinase cascade facilitating the activation of MAPK2.^{[5] [6]} [RRAGA_HUMAN] Guanine nucleotide-binding protein that plays a crucial role in the cellular response to amino acid availability through regulation of the mTORC1 signaling cascade. Forms heterodimeric Rag complexes with RRAGC or RRAGD and cycles between an inactive GDP-bound and an active GTP-bound form. In its active form participates in the relocalization of mTORC1 to the lysosomes and its subsequent activation by the GTPase RHEB. Involved in the RCC1/Ran-GTPase pathway. May play a direct role in a TNF-alpha signaling pathway leading to induction of cell death. May alternatively act as a cellular target for adenovirus E3-14.7K, an inhibitor of TNF-alpha functions, thereby affecting cell death.^{[7] [8] [9] [10]} [FNIP2_HUMAN] Acts as a co-chaperone of HSP90AA1. Inhibits the ATPase activity of HSP90AA1 leading to reduction in its chaperone activity. Facilitates the binding of client protein FLCN to HSP90AA1 (PubMed:27353360). May play a role in the signal transduction pathway of apoptosis induced by O6-methylguanine-mispaired lesions (By similarity). May be involved in energy and/or nutrient sensing through the AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways (PubMed:18403135). May regulate phosphorylation of RPS6KB1 (PubMed:18663353).[UniProtKB:Q80TD3]^{[11] [12] [13]} [LTOR3_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. Adapter protein that enhances the efficiency of the MAP kinase cascade facilitating the activation of MAPK2.^{[14] [15]} [RRAGC_HUMAN] Guanine nucleotide-binding protein forming heterodimeric Rag complexes required for the amino acid-induced relocalization of mTORC1 to the lysosomes and its subsequent activation by the GTPase RHEB. This is a crucial step in the activation of the TOR signaling cascade by amino acids.^[16] [FLCN_HUMAN] May play a role in the pathogenesis of an uncommon form of kidney cancer through its association with an inherited disorder of the hair follicle (fibrofolliculomas). May be a tumor suppressor. May be involved in colorectal tumorigenesis. May be involved in energy and/or nutrient sensing through the AMPK and mTOR signaling pathways. May regulate phosphorylation of RPS6KB1.^{[17] [18] [19]} [LTOR5_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated. When complexed to BIRC5, interferes with apoptosome assembly, preventing recruitment of pro-caspase-9 to oligomerized APAF1, thereby selectively suppressing apoptosis initiated via the mitochondrial/cytochrome c pathway. Down-regulates hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication.^{[20] [21]} [LTOR4_HUMAN] As part of the Ragulator complex it is involved in amino acid sensing and activation of mTORC1, a signaling complex promoting cell growth in response to growth factors, energy levels, and amino acids. Activated by amino acids through a mechanism involving the lysosomal V-ATPase, the Ragulator functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor activating the small GTPases Rag. Activated Ragulator and Rag GTPases function as a scaffold recruiting mTORC1 to lysosomes where it is in turn activated.^[22]

References

1. ↑ Hoshino D, Tomari T, Nagano M, Koshikawa N, Seiki M. A novel protein associated with membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase binds p27(kip1) and regulates RhoA activation, actin remodeling, and matrigel invasion. J Biol Chem. 2009 Oct 2;284(40):27315-26. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M109.041400. Epub 2009, Aug 4. PMID:19654316 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109.041400
2. ↑ Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM. Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell. 2010 Apr 16;141(2):290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024. Epub 2010 Apr , 8. PMID:20381137 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
3. ↑ Guillaumot P, Luquain C, Malek M, Huber AL, Brugiere S, Garin J, Grunwald D, Regnier D, Petrilli V, Lefai E, Manie SN. Pdro, a protein associated with late endosomes and lysosomes and implicated in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. PLoS One. 2010 Jun 8;5(6):e10977. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010977. PMID:20544018 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010977
4. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
5. ↑ Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM. Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell. 2010 Apr 16;141(2):290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024. Epub 2010 Apr , 8. PMID:20381137 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
6. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
7. ↑ Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM. Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell. 2010 Apr 16;141(2):290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024. Epub 2010 Apr , 8. PMID:20381137 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
8. ↑ Deng L, Jiang C, Chen L, Jin J, Wei J, Zhao L, Chen M, Pan W, Xu Y, Chu H, Wang X, Ge X, Li D, Liao L, Liu M, Li L, Wang P. The ubiquitination of rag A GTPase by RNF152 negatively regulates mTORC1 activation. Mol Cell. 2015 Jun 4;58(5):804-18. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.033. Epub 2015, Apr 30. PMID:25936802 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2015.03.033
9. ↑ Li Y, Kang J, Horwitz MS. Interaction of an adenovirus 14.7-kilodalton protein inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor alpha cytolysis with a new member of the GTPase superfamily of signal transducers. J Virol. 1997 Feb;71(2):1576-82. PMID:8995684
10. ↑ Hirose E, Nakashima N, Sekiguchi T, Nishimoto T. RagA is a functional homologue of S. cerevisiae Gtr1p involved in the Ran/Gsp1-GTPase pathway. J Cell Sci. 1998 Jan;111 ( Pt 1):11-21. PMID:9394008
11. ↑ Hasumi H, Baba M, Hong SB, Hasumi Y, Huang Y, Yao M, Valera VA, Linehan WM, Schmidt LS. Identification and characterization of a novel folliculin-interacting protein FNIP2. Gene. 2008 May 31;415(1-2):60-7. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2008.02.022. Epub 2008 Mar, 4. PMID:18403135 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2008.02.022
12. ↑ Takagi Y, Kobayashi T, Shiono M, Wang L, Piao X, Sun G, Zhang D, Abe M, Hagiwara Y, Takahashi K, Hino O. Interaction of folliculin (Birt-Hogg-Dube gene product) with a novel Fnip1-like (FnipL/Fnip2) protein. Oncogene. 2008 Sep 11;27(40):5339-47. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.261. Epub 2008 Jul, 28. PMID:18663353 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2008.261
13. ↑ Woodford MR, Dunn DM, Blanden AR, Capriotti D, Loiselle D, Prodromou C, Panaretou B, Hughes PF, Smith A, Ackerman W, Haystead TA, Loh SN, Bourboulia D, Schmidt LS, Marston Linehan W, Bratslavsky G, Mollapour M. The FNIP co-chaperones decelerate the Hsp90 chaperone cycle and enhance drug binding. Nat Commun. 2016 Jun 29;7:12037. doi: 10.1038/ncomms12037. PMID:27353360 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12037
14. ↑ Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM. Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell. 2010 Apr 16;141(2):290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024. Epub 2010 Apr , 8. PMID:20381137 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
15. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
16. ↑ Sancak Y, Bar-Peled L, Zoncu R, Markhard AL, Nada S, Sabatini DM. Ragulator-Rag complex targets mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface and is necessary for its activation by amino acids. Cell. 2010 Apr 16;141(2):290-303. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024. Epub 2010 Apr , 8. PMID:20381137 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.024
17. ↑ Nickerson ML, Warren MB, Toro JR, Matrosova V, Glenn G, Turner ML, Duray P, Merino M, Choyke P, Pavlovich CP, Sharma N, Walther M, Munroe D, Hill R, Maher E, Greenberg C, Lerman MI, Linehan WM, Zbar B, Schmidt LS. Mutations in a novel gene lead to kidney tumors, lung wall defects, and benign tumors of the hair follicle in patients with the Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome. Cancer Cell. 2002 Aug;2(2):157-64. PMID:12204536
18. ↑ Baba M, Hong SB, Sharma N, Warren MB, Nickerson ML, Iwamatsu A, Esposito D, Gillette WK, Hopkins RF 3rd, Hartley JL, Furihata M, Oishi S, Zhen W, Burke TR Jr, Linehan WM, Schmidt LS, Zbar B. Folliculin encoded by the BHD gene interacts with a binding protein, FNIP1, and AMPK, and is involved in AMPK and mTOR signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Oct 17;103(42):15552-7. Epub 2006 Oct 6. PMID:17028174 doi:http://dx.doi.org/0603781103
19. ↑ Takagi Y, Kobayashi T, Shiono M, Wang L, Piao X, Sun G, Zhang D, Abe M, Hagiwara Y, Takahashi K, Hino O. Interaction of folliculin (Birt-Hogg-Dube gene product) with a novel Fnip1-like (FnipL/Fnip2) protein. Oncogene. 2008 Sep 11;27(40):5339-47. doi: 10.1038/onc.2008.261. Epub 2008 Jul, 28. PMID:18663353 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2008.261
20. ↑ Marusawa H, Matsuzawa S, Welsh K, Zou H, Armstrong R, Tamm I, Reed JC. HBXIP functions as a cofactor of survivin in apoptosis suppression. EMBO J. 2003 Jun 2;22(11):2729-40. PMID:12773388 doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg263
21. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
22. ↑ Bar-Peled L, Schweitzer LD, Zoncu R, Sabatini DM. Ragulator is a GEF for the rag GTPases that signal amino acid levels to mTORC1. Cell. 2012 Sep 14;150(6):1196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032. PMID:22980980 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.032
23. ↑ Shen K, Rogala KB, Chou HT, Huang RK, Yu Z, Sabatini DM. Cryo-EM Structure of the Human FLCN-FNIP2-Rag-Ragulator Complex. Cell. 2019 Nov 5. pii: S0092-8674(19)31213-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.036. PMID:31704029 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.036