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Function(s) and Biological Relevance

Bap1 (Biofilm-Associated protein 1) is an extracellular matrix protein from the bacterium Vibrio cholerae that aids in biofilm architecture and adhesion affinity to living surfaces. Bap1 is also responsible for the biofilm resistance in aqueous environments, acidic conditions, antibiotics and immune systems making the V. cholerae biofilm very versatile and difficult to eradicate. Vibrio cholerae biofilms are made up of Vibrio polysaccharides, nucleic acids and matrix proteins RBmA, RbmC, and Bap1. V. cholerae biofilms are linked to increased transmission, virulence and resistance to various environments, which resulted in pandemic cholera. The biofilm resistance and adhesion affinity promote survival in a multitude of environments including mammalian stomachs. The increased resistance and adhesion affinity increase the virulence of the bacterium resulting in a greater probability of contraction, infection and disease.

Broader Implications

It is important for medical professionals and scientists alike to understand how Vibrio cholerae interact with the host they are infecting. “Cholera is a disease spread by drinking water or eating food contaminated with cholera bacteria. ”The main implication cholera causes in humans is dehydration from loose stools. Pushing fluids to maintain hydration will lower your risk of death below 1%. The main implication of treating cholera is breaking down the V. cholerae biofilms which are resistant to antibiotics, stomach acid and antibiotics. Understanding how to break down this resistant biofilm could help many 3rd world countries and travelers avoid illness. ^[1]

Structural highlights and structure-function relationships

Bap1 from V. cholerae is composed of a beta-prism that attaches to blade six of the eight-bladed beta-propeller. The beta-prism is an accessory domain to the eight-bladded beta-propeller domain, these two domains make up the tertiary structure of the protein.

of Bap1 can been viewed in the beta-propeller and throughout the protein as beta-sheets. Shown in red are the four anti-parallel beta-sheets that construct each blade of the eight-bladed beta-propeller of Bap1. shown in yellow are the beta-strands and shown in purple are the alpha-helix that make up Bap1.

Bap1 is an insoluble protein at full length and requires a deletion of a hydrophobic 57-amino acid chain along with an inset to take its place, which forms the beta-prism domain within blade-six of the eight-bladed beta-propeller. The beta-prism domain contributes the Bap1 solubility and expression eventually yielding the proteins crystal structure, with is a major construct of protein. ^[2]

is located in the beta-prism of Bap1 between residues 414-473. Bap1 eight-bladed beta-propeller is insoluble until the beta-prism is attached in the loop of blade six of the beta-propeller. Once the insertion and beta-prism are bound to the beta-propeller Bap1 improves in soluble expression. ^[3]

The ligands that make up Bap1 are FLC, GOL, NA and CA. Citrate (FLC) binds carbohydrates and promotes structural qualities. Glycerol (GOL) promotes adhesion. Sodium (NA) has one molecule per blade on the beta-propeller. Finally, calcium (CA) provides structure for the eight-bladed crystal structure. ^[4]

The eight-bladed beta-propeller has a four-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet making up each blade along with a beta-prism attached int he loop of blade six of the beta propeller. The Bap1 beta-propeller is a metal binding site, structural stability promotor, adhesion promoter, and aids in solubility and expression of the protein. ^[5]

"The Bap1 Beta-prism falls into the jacalin-related (JRL) protein family, which consists of a pseudo-3-fold arrangement of Greek key motifs." ^[6] The beta-prism is located on blade six of the beta-propeller of Bap1 from V. cholerae. Bap1 beta-prism binds carbohydrate ligands along with citrate ions at a single sugar site. This binding process contributes to the crystal structure of Bap1.

Blade six and blade eight don’t appear to be ion binding sites, however all sites appear to bind calcium ions. During purification of the protein, all cations were replaced by sodium ions.^[7]

include Asp348, Trp986, Tyr894, Trp948, Asn871, Asp853 and Phe850. These key residues are located in the beta-prism of the Bap1 and are associated with carbohydrate binding. ^[8]

is within the beta-prism composed of Gly344, Ala345, Val346, Lys501(Hydrogen bonding), Asp348 and His500(Van Der Waals interactions).^[9] Within the active site of Bap1, citrate and carbohydrates competitively bind for the same sugar binding site and citrate was necessary for obtaining the correct crystal form and contacts with its crystal environment surrounding the binding site. The active site of Bap1 is outside of its central cavity of the eight-bladed beta-propeller and doesn't yield a catalytic triad.^[10]

The citrate molecule in Bap1 binds in the carbohydrate-binding site in the beta-prism domains. Citrate is required to produce optimal crystal form due to the extensive crystal contacts in the area.^[11]

is the key amino acid residue of carbohydrate bonding.^[12] The beta-propeller utilizes lectins, called PropLecs, which are found in the beta-propeller folds that contain carbohydrate-binding sites. Asp348 forms essential contacts with bound carbohydrates in the beta-prism lectin domain on blade-six of the eight-bladed beta-propeller.

Energy Transformation

Bap1 does not transform energy as its main purpose is adhesion, solubility and architecture to aid in in the virulence of the bacteria, Vibrio cholerae.

References

1. ↑ “Travelers' Health.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Oct. 2019, wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/cholera.
2. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.
3. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019
4. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.
5. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.
6. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.
7. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.
8. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019
9. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.
10. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.
11. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.
12. ↑ Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019

3. “Travelers' Health.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3 Oct. 2019, wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/cholera.

4. Kaus, Katherine, et al. The 1.9 Å Crystal Structure of the Extracellular Matrix Protein Bap1 from Vibrio Cholerae Provides Insights into Bacterial Biofilm Adhesion. The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2019.