| Structural highlights
4k24 is a 5 chain structure with sequence from Human and Mus musculus. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. For a guided tour on the structure components use FirstGlance.
| | Ligands: | , |
| Related: | 4k23 |
| Gene: | PLAU (HUMAN), VTN (HUMAN), MO3, PLAUR, UPAR (HUMAN) |
| Activity: | U-plasminogen activator, with EC number 3.4.21.73 |
| Resources: | FirstGlance, OCA, PDBe, RCSB, PDBsum, ProSAT |
Disease
[UROK_HUMAN] Defects in PLAU are the cause of Quebec platelet disorder (QPD) [MIM:601709]. QPD is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder due to a gain-of-function defect in fibrinolysis. Although affected individuals do not exhibit systemic fibrinolysis, they show delayed onset bleeding after challenge, such as surgery. The hallmark of the disorder is markedly increased PLAU levels within platelets, which causes intraplatelet plasmin generation and secondary degradation of alpha-granule proteins.[1]
Function
[UROK_HUMAN] Specifically cleaves the zymogen plasminogen to form the active enzyme plasmin. [VTNC_HUMAN] Vitronectin is a cell adhesion and spreading factor found in serum and tissues. Vitronectin interact with glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. Is recognized by certain members of the integrin family and serves as a cell-to-substrate adhesion molecule. Inhibitor of the membrane-damaging effect of the terminal cytolytic complement pathway. Somatomedin-B is a growth hormone-dependent serum factor with protease-inhibiting activity. [UPAR_HUMAN] Acts as a receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Plays a role in localizing and promoting plasmin formation. Mediates the proteolysis-independent signal transduction activation effects of U-PA. It is subject to negative-feedback regulation by U-PA which cleaves it into an inactive form.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a role in tumor progression and has been proposed as a target for the treatment of cancer. We recently described the development of a novel humanized monoclonal antibody that targets uPAR and has anti-tumor activity in multiple xenograft animal tumor models. This antibody, ATN-658, does not inhibit ligand binding (i.e. uPA and vitronectin) to uPAR and its mechanism of action remains unclear. As a first step in understanding the anti-tumor activity of ATN-658, we set out to identify the epitope on uPAR to which ATN-658 binds. Guided by comparisons between primate and human uPAR, epitope mapping studies were performed using several orthogonal techniques. Systematic site directed and alanine scanning mutagenesis identified the region of aa 268-275 of uPAR as the epitope for ATN-658. No known function has previously been attributed to this epitope Structural insights into epitope recognition were obtained from structural studies of the Fab fragment of ATN-658 bound to uPAR. The structure shows that the ATN-658 binds to the DIII domain of uPAR, close to the C-terminus of the receptor, corroborating the epitope mapping results. Intriguingly, when bound to uPAR, the complementarity determining region (CDR) regions of ATN-658 closely mimic the binding regions of the integrin CD11b (alphaM), a previously identified uPAR ligand thought to be involved in leukocyte rolling, migration and complement fixation with no known role in tumor progression of solid tumors. These studies reveal a new functional epitope on uPAR involved in tumor progression and demonstrate a previously unrecognized strategy for the therapeutic targeting of uPAR.
Identification of a New Epitope in uPAR as a Target for the Cancer Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody ATN-658, a Structural Homolog of the uPAR Binding Integrin CD11b (alphaM).,Xu X, Cai Y, Wei Y, Donate F, Juarez J, Parry G, Chen L, Meehan EJ, Ahn RW, Ugolkov A, Dubrovskyi O, O'Halloran TV, Huang M, Mazar AP PLoS One. 2014 Jan 21;9(1):e85349. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085349. eCollection, 2014 Jan 21. PMID:24465541[2]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Paterson AD, Rommens JM, Bharaj B, Blavignac J, Wong I, Diamandis M, Waye JS, Rivard GE, Hayward CP. Persons with Quebec platelet disorder have a tandem duplication of PLAU, the urokinase plasminogen activator gene. Blood. 2010 Feb 11;115(6):1264-6. doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-233965. Epub 2009, Dec 9. PMID:20007542 doi:10.1182/blood-2009-07-233965
- ↑ Xu X, Cai Y, Wei Y, Donate F, Juarez J, Parry G, Chen L, Meehan EJ, Ahn RW, Ugolkov A, Dubrovskyi O, O'Halloran TV, Huang M, Mazar AP. Identification of a New Epitope in uPAR as a Target for the Cancer Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody ATN-658, a Structural Homolog of the uPAR Binding Integrin CD11b (alphaM). PLoS One. 2014 Jan 21;9(1):e85349. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085349. eCollection, 2014 Jan 21. PMID:24465541 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085349
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