| Structural highlights
Function
[RAF1_RAT] Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts as a regulatory link between the membrane-associated Ras GTPases and the MAPK/ERK cascade, and this critical regulatory link functions as a switch determining cell fate decisions including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, survival and oncogenic transformation. RAF1 activation initiates a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade that comprises a sequential phosphorylation of the dual-specific MAPK kinases (MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAP2K2/MEK2) and the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK3/ERK1 and MAPK1/ERK2). The phosphorylated form of RAF1 (on residues Ser-338 and Ser-339, by PAK1) phosphorylates BAD/Bcl2-antagonist of cell death at 'Ser-75'. Phosphorylates adenylyl cyclases: ADCY2, ADCY5 and ADCY6, resulting in their activation. Phosphorylates PPP1R12A resulting in inhibition of the phosphatase activity. Can promote NF-kB activation and inhibit signal transducers involved in motility (ROCK2), apoptosis (MAP3K5/ASK1 and STK3/MST2), proliferation and angiogenesis (RB1). Can protect cells from apoptosis also by translocating to the mitochondria where it binds BCL2 and displaces BAD/Bcl2-antagonist of cell death. Regulates Rho signaling and migration, and is required for normal wound healing. Plays a role in the oncogenic transformation of epithelial cells via repression of the TJ protein, occludin (OCLN) by inducing the up-regulation of a transcriptional repressor SNAI2/SLUG, which induces down-regulation of OCLN. Restricts caspase activation in response to selected stimuli, notably Fas stimulation, pathogen-mediated macrophage apoptosis, and erythroid differentiation (By similarity). Phosphorylates TNNT2/cardiac muscle troponin T.[1] [2]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The Ras protein and its homolog, Rap1A, have an identical "effector region" (residues 32-40) preceded by Asp30-Glu31 and Glu30-Lys31, respectively. In the complex of the "Ras-like" E30D/K31E mutant Rap1A with the Ras-binding domain (RBD), residues 51-131 of Raf-1, Glu31 in Rap1A forms a tight salt bridge with Lys84 in Raf-1. However, we have recently found that Raf-1 RBD binding of Ras is indeed reduced by the E31K mutation, but is not affected by the E31A mutation. Here, the "Rap1A-like" D30E/E31K mutant of Ras was prepared and shown to bind the Raf-1 RBD less strongly than wild-type Ras, but slightly more tightly than the E31K mutant. The backbone 1H, 13C, and 15N magnetic resonances of the Raf-1 RBD were assigned in complexes with the wild-type and D30E/E31K mutant Ras proteins in the guanosine 5'-O-(beta,gamma-imidotriphosphate)-bound form. The Lys84 residue in the Raf-1 RBD exhibited a large change in chemical shift upon binding wild-type Ras, suggesting that Lys84 interacts with wild-type Ras. The D30E/E31K mutant of Ras caused nearly the same perturbations in Raf-1 chemical shifts, including that of Lys84. We hypothesized that Glu31 in Ras may not be the major salt bridge partner of Lys84 in Raf-1. A molecular dynamics simulation of a model structure of the Raf-1 RBD.Ras.GTP complex suggested that Lys84 in Raf-1 might instead form a tight salt bridge with Asp33 in Ras. Consistent with this, the D33A mutation in Ras greatly reduced its Raf-I RBD binding activity. We conclude that the major salt bridge partner of Lys84 in Raf-1 may be Asp33 in Ras.
Nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics studies on the interactions of the Ras-binding domain of Raf-1 with wild-type and mutant Ras proteins.,Terada T, Ito Y, Shirouzu M, Tateno M, Hashimoto K, Kigawa T, Ebisuzaki T, Takio K, Shibata T, Yokoyama S, Smith BO, Laue ED, Cooper JA J Mol Biol. 1999 Feb 12;286(1):219-32. PMID:9931261[3]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Pfleiderer P, Sumandea MP, Rybin VO, Wang C, Steinberg SF. Raf-1: a novel cardiac troponin T kinase. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 2009;30(1-2):67-72. doi: 10.1007/s10974-009-9176-y. Epub, 2009 Apr 21. PMID:19381846 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10974-009-9176-y
- ↑ Catling AD, Schaeffer HJ, Reuter CW, Reddy GR, Weber MJ. A proline-rich sequence unique to MEK1 and MEK2 is required for raf binding and regulates MEK function. Mol Cell Biol. 1995 Oct;15(10):5214-25. PMID:7565670
- ↑ Terada T, Ito Y, Shirouzu M, Tateno M, Hashimoto K, Kigawa T, Ebisuzaki T, Takio K, Shibata T, Yokoyama S, Smith BO, Laue ED, Cooper JA. Nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics studies on the interactions of the Ras-binding domain of Raf-1 with wild-type and mutant Ras proteins. J Mol Biol. 1999 Feb 12;286(1):219-32. PMID:9931261 doi:10.1006/jmbi.1998.2472
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