Structural highlights
Function
[YI31B_YEAST] Capsid protein (CA) is the structural component of the virus-like particle (VLP), forming the shell that encapsulates the genomic RNA-nucleocapsid complex. Nucleocapsid protein p11 (NC) forms the nucleocore that coats the retro-elements dimeric RNA. Binds these RNAs through its zinc fingers (By similarity). Promotes primer tRNA(i)-Met annealing to the multipartite primer-binding site (PBS), dimerization of Ty3 RNA and initiation of reverse transcription (By similarity). The aspartyl protease (PR) mediates the proteolytic cleavages of the Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins after assembly of the VLP. Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of the retro-elements RNA genome into dsDNA within the VLP. The enzyme displays a DNA polymerase activity that can copy either DNA or RNA templates, and a ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity that cleaves the RNA strand of RNA-DNA heteroduplexes during plus-strand synthesis and hydrolyzes RNA primers. The conversion leads to a linear dsDNA copy of the retrotransposon that includes long terminal repeats (LTRs) at both ends (By similarity). Integrase (IN) targets the VLP to the nucleus, where a subparticle preintegration complex (PIC) containing at least integrase and the newly synthesized dsDNA copy of the retrotransposon must transit the nuclear membrane. Once in the nucleus, integrase performs the integration of the dsDNA into the host genome (By similarity).
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Retroviruses evolved from long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons by acquisition of envelope functions, and subsequently reinvaded host genomes. Together, endogenous retroviruses and LTR retrotransposons represent major components of animal, plant, and fungal genomes. Sequences from these elements have been exapted to perform essential host functions, including placental development, synaptic communication, and transcriptional regulation. They encode a Gag polypeptide, the capsid domains of which can oligomerize to form a virus-like particle. The structures of retroviral capsids have been extensively described. They assemble an immature viral particle through oligomerization of full-length Gag. Proteolytic cleavage of Gag results in a mature, infectious particle. In contrast, the absence of structural data on LTR retrotransposon capsids hinders our understanding of their function and evolutionary relationships. Here, we report the capsid morphology and structure of the archetypal Gypsy retrotransposon Ty3. We performed electron tomography (ET) of immature and mature Ty3 particles within cells. We found that, in contrast to retroviruses, these do not change size or shape upon maturation. Cryo-ET and cryo-electron microscopy of purified, immature Ty3 particles revealed an irregular fullerene geometry previously described for mature retrovirus core particles and a tertiary and quaternary arrangement of the capsid (CA) C-terminal domain within the assembled capsid that is conserved with mature HIV-1. These findings provide a structural basis for studying retrotransposon capsids, including those domesticated in higher organisms. They suggest that assembly via a structurally distinct immature capsid is a later retroviral adaptation, while the structure of mature assembled capsids is conserved between LTR retrotransposons and retroviruses.
Structure of the Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposon capsid and the evolution of retroviruses.,Dodonova SO, Prinz S, Bilanchone V, Sandmeyer S, Briggs JAG Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Apr 29. pii: 1900931116. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1900931116. PMID:31036670[1]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
- ↑ Dodonova SO, Prinz S, Bilanchone V, Sandmeyer S, Briggs JAG. Structure of the Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposon capsid and the evolution of retroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Apr 29. pii: 1900931116. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1900931116. PMID:31036670 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900931116
