Introduction
Trichosurin is one of three predominant proteins found in the milk whey of the common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula. It belongs to the lipocalin superfamily and is an extracellular protein (17–25 kDa) that can bind and transport small lipophilic molecules. The binding pocket is a crucial factor in the selectivity of binding, as is access to the binding pocket that is controlled by side chains of the 22 residues that line the binding pocket and form a loop between β-strands at one end of the lipocalin β-barrel.
Trichosurin is most closely related to the major urinary proteins (MUPs) from mice and rats and is a significant constituent of milk throughout possum lactation [1].
Structure
Structure of the Possum Milk Whey Lipocalin Trichosurin at pH 8.2
The fully functional trichosurin consists of two monomers joining to form a dimer of identical eight-stranded, anti-parallel β-barrels. The study of lipocalin dimerization modes has shown six variations in orientation, with trichosurin adding a seventh one to the list. Overall, there are four main chains (A, B, C, and D), in the dimer, with each chain a length of 166 amino acids. There is also a signal sequence at the N-terminus of the chain that is cleaved before a fully functional molecule is formed. Currently, there are two crystal structures of trichosurin that can be found at RCSB, one determined at pH 8.2 and another at a lower pH of 4.6.
Structure and Function
The binding site is found in the centre of the β-barrel and can be occupied by water and isopropanol molecules from the corresponding crystallization medium. The protein was also crystallized with 2-naphthol and 4-ethylphenol that were bound in the centre of the β-barrel. The presence of such phenolic compounds provides clues to the function of trichosurin- .
Overall, trichosurin follows the general lipocalin superfamily fold pattern by having a β-barrel, several extended loop regions between β strands that close the ends of the barrel, a helix near the C-terminus which is common to all lipocalins, and a major conserved feature of the lipocalin fold- a disulfide bond- that ties the C-terminus to a specific β-strand.
Trichosurin also displays a large amount of hydrophilic surface area, with areas between the helix, the outside of the barrel, and the dimer interface where more polar ligands such as 2-naphthol can bind since those spaces have more hydrophilicity and negative/positive potential surface areas.
Evolutionarily Related Proteins
Trichosurin has 34% amino acid identity to the rodent major urinary proteins (MUPs ) and 28% amino acid identity to the major horse dander allergen equc1. Tichosurin homologues have been identified in both the tammar wallaby and the South American opossum (77% amino acid identity). Such high level of conservation in species that diverged about 80 million years ago suggests that the function of trichosurin is critical in metatherian lactation.
With regards to structural comparison with other lipocalins such as bovine BLG that is a prototypic milk lipocalin, trichosurin shows great similarity. This is because structural alignment of trichosurin, expressed in E. coli and crystallized at pH 4.8, with the BLG structure 1BEB yielded an rmsd of 2.76 Å over 139 equivalent residues.
Relevance
Trichosurin, an important marsupial milk protein, is highly conserved across metatherians. The opossum, a metatherian, shares a common ancestor with humans around 130 million years ago, is of particular importance to study the differences between the development of metatherians and other mammals. In opossums, lactation is divided into three stages that each have a very unique milk composition, and trichosurin is one of three predominant lipocalins found in the milk of T. vulpecula.
Available Structures
References
- ↑ Watson RP, Demmer J, Baker EN, Arcus VL. Three-dimensional structure and ligand binding properties of trichosurin, a metatherian lipocalin from the milk whey of the common brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula. Biochem J. 2007 Nov 15;408(1):29-38. PMID:17685895 doi:10.1042/BJ20070567
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Additional Resources
