6icz

Structural highlights

Disease

[U5S1_HUMAN] Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. [CDC5L_HUMAN] Note=A chromosomal aberration involving CDC5L is found in multicystic renal dysplasia. Translocation t(6;19)(p21;q13.1) with USF2. [U520_HUMAN] Retinitis pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa 33 (RP33) [MIM:610359]: A retinal dystrophy belonging to the group of pigmentary retinopathies. Retinitis pigmentosa is characterized by retinal pigment deposits visible on fundus examination and primary loss of rod photoreceptor cells followed by secondary loss of cone photoreceptors. Patients typically have night vision blindness and loss of midperipheral visual field. As their condition progresses, they lose their far peripheral visual field and eventually central vision as well. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]} [PRP8_HUMAN] Defects in PRPF8 are the cause of retinitis pigmentosa type 13 (RP13) [MIM:600059]. RP leads to degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells. Patients typically have night vision blindness and loss of midperipheral visual field. As their condition progresses, they lose their far peripheral visual field and eventually central vision as well. RP13 inheritance is autosomal dominant.^{[6] [7]} [:]^{[8] [9]}

Function

[RUXF_HUMAN] Appears to function in the U7 snRNP complex that is involved in histone 3'-end processing. Associated with snRNP U1, U2, U4/U6 and U5. [SMD2_HUMAN] Required for pre-mRNA splicing. Required for snRNP biogenesis (By similarity). [SRRM2_HUMAN] Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. May function at or prior to the first catalytic step of splicing at the catalytic center of the spliceosome. May do so by stabilizing the catalytic center or the position of the RNA substrate (By similarity). Binds to RNA.^[10] [U5S1_HUMAN] Component of the U5 snRNP and the U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complex required for pre-mRNA splicing. Binds GTP. [SYF1_HUMAN] Involved in transcription-coupled repair (TCR), transcription and pre-mRNA splicing.^{[11] [12]} [RBM8A_HUMAN] Component of a splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of a few core proteins and several more peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Core components of the EJC, that remains bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism, functions to mark the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA and thereby influences downstream processes of gene expression including mRNA splicing, nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). The heterodimer MAGOH-RBM8A interacts with PYM that function to enhance the translation of EJC-bearing spliced mRNAs by recruiting them to the ribosomal 48S preinitiation complex. Remains associated with mRNAs in the cytoplasm until the mRNAs engage the translation machinery. Its removal from cytoplasmic mRNAs requires translation initiation from EJC-bearing spliced mRNAs. Associates preferentially with mRNAs produced by splicing. Does not interact with pre-mRNAs, introns, or mRNAs produced from intronless cDNAs. Associates with both nuclear mRNAs and newly exported cytoplasmic mRNAs. Complex with MAGOH is a component of the nonsense mediated decay (NMD) pathway.^{[13] [14] [15] [16] [17]} [CWC15_HUMAN] Component of the PRP19-CDC5L complex that forms an integral part of the spliceosome and is required for activating pre-mRNA splicing.^[18] [MGN2_HUMAN] Involved in mRNA splicing and in the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. [SNW1_HUMAN] Involved in transcriptional regulation. Modulates TGF-beta-mediated transcription via association with SMAD proteins, MYOD1-mediated transcription via association with PABPN1, RB1-mediated transcriptional repression, and retinoid-X receptor (RXR)- and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent gene transcription in a cell line-specific manner probably involving coactivators NCOA1 and GRIP1. Is involved in NOTCH1-mediated transcriptional activation. Binds to multimerized forms of Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and is proposed to recruit transcriptional coactivators such as MAML1 to form an intermediate preactivation complex which associates with DNA-bound CBF-1/RBPJ to form a transcriptional activation complex by releasing SNW1 and redundant NOTCH1 NICD. Proposed to be involved in transcriptional activation by EBV EBNA2 of CBF-1/RBPJ-repressed promoters. Is recruited by HIV-1 Tat to Tat:P-TEFb:TAR RNA complexes and is involved in Tat transcription by recruitment of MYC, MEN1 and TRRAP to the HIV promoter. Functions as a splicing factor in pre-mRNA splicing. Is required in the specific splicing of CDKN1A pre-mRNA; the function probably involves the recruitment of U2AF2 to the mRNA. Is proposed to recruit PPIL1 to the spliceosome. May be involved in cyclin-D1/CCND1 mRNA stability through the SNARP complex which associates with both the 3'end of the CCND1 gene and its mRNA.^{[19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31]} [RBM22_HUMAN] Involved in the first step of pre-mRNA splicing. Binds directly to the internal stem-loop (ISL) domain of the U6 snRNA and to the pre-mRNA intron near the 5' splice site during the activation and catalytic phases of the spliceosome cycle. Involved in both translocations of the nuclear SLU7 to the cytoplasm and the cytosolic calcium-binding protein PDCD6 to the nucleus upon cellular stress responses.^{[32] [33] [34]} [PPIE_HUMAN] PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. Combines RNA-binding and PPIase activities. May be involved in muscle- and brain-specific processes. May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. [SLU7_HUMAN] Participates in the second catalytic step of pre-mRNA splicing, when the free hydroxyl group of exon I attacks the 3'-splice site to generate spliced mRNA and the excised lariat intron. Required for holding exon 1 properly in the spliceosome and for correct AG identification when more than one possible AG exists in 3'-splicing site region. May be involved in the activation of proximal AG. Probably also involved in alternative splicing regulation.^{[35] [36] [37] [38]} [AQR_HUMAN] Intron-binding spliceosomal protein required to link pre-mRNA splicing and snoRNP (small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein) biogenesis. Plays a key role in position-dependent assembly of intron-encoded box C/D small snoRNP, splicing being required for snoRNP assembly. May act by helping the folding of the snoRNA sequence. Binds to intron of pre-mRNAs in a sequence-independent manner, contacting the region between snoRNA and the branchpoint of introns (40 nucleotides upstream of the branchpoint) during the late stages of splicing.^[39] [PRP19_HUMAN] Plays a role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Binds double-stranded DNA in a sequence-nonspecific manner. Acts as a structural component of the nuclear framework. May also serve as a support for spliceosome binding and activity. Essential for spliceosome assembly in a oligomerization-dependent manner and might also be important for spliceosome stability. May have E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. The PSO4 complex is required in the DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) repair process. Component of the PRP19-CDC5L complex that forms an integral part of the spliceosome and is required for activating pre-mRNA splicing.^{[40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45]} [SYF2_HUMAN] May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. [PLRG1_HUMAN] Component of the PRP19-CDC5L complex that forms an integral part of the spliceosome and is required for activating pre-mRNA splicing. [PKRI1_HUMAN] Binds double-stranded RNA. Inhibits EIF2AK2 kinase activity (By similarity). [SMD1_HUMAN] May act as a charged protein scaffold to promote snRNP assembly or strengthen snRNP-snRNP interactions through nonspecific electrostatic contacts with RNA. [RUXG_HUMAN] Appears to function in the U7 snRNP complex that is involved in histone 3'-end processing. Associated with snRNP U1, U2, U4/U6 and U5. [CWC22_HUMAN] Required for pre-mRNA splicing and for exon-junction complex (EJC) assembly. Hinders EIF4A3 from non-specifically binding RNA and escorts it to the splicing machinery to promote EJC assembly on mature mRNAs. Through its role in EJC assembly, required for nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.^{[46] [47] [48]} [CDC5L_HUMAN] DNA-binding protein involved in cell cycle control. May act as a transcription activator. Component of the PRP19-CDC5L complex that forms an integral part of the spliceosome and is required for activating pre-mRNA splicing.^{[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57]} [PRP17_HUMAN] Associates with the spliceosome late in the splicing pathway and may function in the second step of pre-mRNA splicing.^[58] [SMD3_HUMAN] Appears to function in the U7 snRNP complex that is involved in histone 3'-end processing. Binds to the downstream cleavage product (DCP) of histone pre-mRNA in a U7 snRNP dependent manner.^[59] [SPF27_HUMAN] Component of the PRP19-CDC5L complex that forms an integral part of the spliceosome and is required for activating pre-mRNA splicing. May have a scaffolding role in the spliceosome assembly as it contacts all other components of the core complex. The PRP19-CDC5L complex may also play a role in the response to DNA damage (DDR).^[60] [IF4A3_HUMAN] ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Component of a splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of a few core proteins and several more peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Core components of the EJC, that remains bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism, functions to mark the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA and thereby influences downstream processes of gene expression including mRNA splicing, nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Constitutes at least part of the platform anchoring other EJC proteins to spliced mRNAs. Its RNA-dependent ATPase and RNA-helicase activities are induced by CASC3, but abolished in presence of the MAGOH/RBM8A heterodimer, thereby trapping the ATP-bound EJC core onto spliced mRNA in a stable conformation. The inhibition of ATPase activity by the MAGOH/RBM8A heterodimer increases the RNA-binding affinity of the EJC. Involved in translational enhancement of spliced mRNAs after formation of the 80S ribosome complex. Binds spliced mRNA in sequence-independent manner, 20-24 nucleotides upstream of mRNA exon-exon junctions. Shows higher affinity for single-stranded RNA in an ATP-bound core EJC complex than after the ATP is hydrolyzed.^{[61] [62] [63] [64] [65]} [RU2A_HUMAN] This protein is associated with sn-RNP U2. It helps the A' protein to bind stem loop IV of U2 snRNA. [U520_HUMAN] RNA helicase that plays an essential role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the U5 snRNP and U4/U6-U5 tri-snRNP complexes. Involved in spliceosome assembly, activation and disassembly. Mediates changes in the dynamic network of RNA-RNA interactions in the spliceosome. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent unwinding of U4/U6 RNA duplices, an essential step in the assembly of a catalytically active spliceosome.^{[66] [67] [68] [69]} [CRNL1_HUMAN] Involved in pre-mRNA splicing process. [SNR40_HUMAN] Component of the U5 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) complex. The U5 snRNP is part of the spliceosome, a multiprotein complex that catalyzes the removal of introns from pre-messenger RNAs.^[70] [DHX8_HUMAN] Facilitates nuclear export of spliced mRNA by releasing the RNA from the spliceosome.^[71] [CASC3_HUMAN] Component of a splicing-dependent multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) deposited at splice junction on mRNAs. The EJC is a dynamic structure consisting of a few core proteins and several more peripheral nuclear and cytoplasmic associated factors that join the complex only transiently either during EJC assembly or during subsequent mRNA metabolism. Core components of the EJC, that remains bound to spliced mRNAs throughout all stages of mRNA metabolism, functions to mark the position of the exon-exon junction in the mature mRNA and thereby influences downstream processes of gene expression including mRNA splicing, nuclear mRNA export, subcellular mRNA localization, translation efficiency and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Stimulates the ATPase and RNA-helicase activities of EIF4A3. Plays a role in the stress response by participating in cytoplasmic stress granules assembly and by favoring cell recovery following stress. Component of the dendritic ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) in hippocampal neurons (By similarity). May play a role in mRNA transport (By similarity). Binds spliced mRNA in sequence-independent manner, 20-24 nucleotides upstream of mRNA exon-exon junctions. Binds poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymer.^{[72] [73]} [RUXE_HUMAN] Appears to function in the U7 snRNP complex that is involved in histone 3'-end processing. Associated with snRNP U1, U2, U4/U6 and U5. [RU2B_HUMAN] Involved in pre-mRNA splicing. This protein is associated with snRNP U2. It binds stem loop IV of U2 snRNA only in presence of the U2A' protein. [PPIL1_HUMAN] PPIases accelerate the folding of proteins. It catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides. May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing.^[74] [PRP8_HUMAN] Central component of the spliceosome, which may play a role in aligning the pre-mRNA 5'- and 3'-exons for ligation. Interacts with U5 snRNA, and with pre-mRNA 5'-splice sites in B spliceosomes and 3'-splice sites in C spliceosomes.

See Also

• Art:War of the Worlds
• Eukaryotic initiation factor 3D structures
• Pre-mRNA splicing factors 3D structures

References

1. ↑ Liu S, Rauhut R, Vornlocher HP, Luhrmann R. The network of protein-protein interactions within the human U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP. RNA. 2006 Jul;12(7):1418-30. Epub 2006 May 24. PMID:16723661 doi:rna.55406
2. ↑ Santos KF, Jovin SM, Weber G, Pena V, Luhrmann R, Wahl MC. Structural basis for functional cooperation between tandem helicase cassettes in Brr2-mediated remodeling of the spliceosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 8. PMID:23045696 doi:10.1073/pnas.1208098109
3. ↑ Zhao C, Bellur DL, Lu S, Zhao F, Grassi MA, Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Daiger SP, Chen LJ, Pang CP, Zhao K, Staley JP, Larsson C. Autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa caused by a mutation in SNRNP200, a gene required for unwinding of U4/U6 snRNAs. Am J Hum Genet. 2009 Nov;85(5):617-27. Epub 2009 Oct 29. PMID:19878916 doi:S0002-9297(09)00455-8
4. ↑ Li N, Mei H, MacDonald IM, Jiao X, Hejtmancik JF. Mutations in ASCC3L1 on 2q11.2 are associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa in a Chinese family. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Feb;51(2):1036-43. doi: 10.1167/iovs.09-3725., Epub 2009 Aug 26. PMID:19710410 doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3725
5. ↑ Benaglio P, McGee TL, Capelli LP, Harper S, Berson EL, Rivolta C. Next generation sequencing of pooled samples reveals new SNRNP200 mutations associated with retinitis pigmentosa. Hum Mutat. 2011 Jun;32(6):E2246-58. doi: 10.1002/humu.21485. Epub 2011 Feb 24. PMID:21618346 doi:10.1002/humu.21485
6. ↑ Pena V, Liu S, Bujnicki JM, Luhrmann R, Wahl MC. Structure of a multipartite protein-protein interaction domain in splicing factor prp8 and its link to retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Cell. 2007 Feb 23;25(4):615-24. PMID:17317632 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2007.01.023
7. ↑ McKie AB, McHale JC, Keen TJ, Tarttelin EE, Goliath R, van Lith-Verhoeven JJ, Greenberg J, Ramesar RS, Hoyng CB, Cremers FP, Mackey DA, Bhattacharya SS, Bird AC, Markham AF, Inglehearn CF. Mutations in the pre-mRNA splicing factor gene PRPC8 in autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP13). Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Jul 15;10(15):1555-62. PMID:11468273
8. ↑ van Lith-Verhoeven JJ, van der Velde-Visser SD, Sohocki MM, Deutman AF, Brink HM, Cremers FP, Hoyng CB. Clinical characterization, linkage analysis, and PRPC8 mutation analysis of a family with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa type 13 (RP13). Ophthalmic Genet. 2002 Mar;23(1):1-12. PMID:11910553
9. ↑ Martinez-Gimeno M, Gamundi MJ, Hernan I, Maseras M, Milla E, Ayuso C, Garcia-Sandoval B, Beneyto M, Vilela C, Baiget M, Antinolo G, Carballo M. Mutations in the pre-mRNA splicing-factor genes PRPF3, PRPF8, and PRPF31 in Spanish families with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003 May;44(5):2171-7. PMID:12714658
10. ↑ Blencowe BJ, Bauren G, Eldridge AG, Issner R, Nickerson JA, Rosonina E, Sharp PA. The SRm160/300 splicing coactivator subunits. RNA. 2000 Jan;6(1):111-20. PMID:10668804
11. ↑ Nakatsu Y, Asahina H, Citterio E, Rademakers S, Vermeulen W, Kamiuchi S, Yeo JP, Khaw MC, Saijo M, Kodo N, Matsuda T, Hoeijmakers JH, Tanaka K. XAB2, a novel tetratricopeptide repeat protein involved in transcription-coupled DNA repair and transcription. J Biol Chem. 2000 Nov 10;275(45):34931-7. PMID:10944529 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M004936200
12. ↑ Kuraoka I, Ito S, Wada T, Hayashida M, Lee L, Saijo M, Nakatsu Y, Matsumoto M, Matsunaga T, Handa H, Qin J, Nakatani Y, Tanaka K. Isolation of XAB2 complex involved in pre-mRNA splicing, transcription, and transcription-coupled repair. J Biol Chem. 2008 Jan 11;283(2):940-50. Epub 2007 Nov 2. PMID:17981804 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M706647200
13. ↑ Dostie J, Dreyfuss G. Translation is required to remove Y14 from mRNAs in the cytoplasm. Curr Biol. 2002 Jul 9;12(13):1060-7. PMID:12121612
14. ↑ Gehring NH, Neu-Yilik G, Schell T, Hentze MW, Kulozik AE. Y14 and hUpf3b form an NMD-activating complex. Mol Cell. 2003 Apr;11(4):939-49. PMID:12718880
15. ↑ Fribourg S, Gatfield D, Izaurralde E, Conti E. A novel mode of RBD-protein recognition in the Y14-Mago complex. Nat Struct Biol. 2003 Jun;10(6):433-9. PMID:12730685 doi:10.1038/nsb926
16. ↑ Gehring NH, Kunz JB, Neu-Yilik G, Breit S, Viegas MH, Hentze MW, Kulozik AE. Exon-junction complex components specify distinct routes of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay with differential cofactor requirements. Mol Cell. 2005 Oct 7;20(1):65-75. PMID:16209946 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S1097-2765(05)01554-6
17. ↑ Lee HC, Choe J, Chi SG, Kim YK. Exon junction complex enhances translation of spliced mRNAs at multiple steps. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Jul 3;384(3):334-40. doi:, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.123. Epub 2009 May 3. PMID:19409878 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.123
18. ↑ Grote M, Wolf E, Will CL, Lemm I, Agafonov DE, Schomburg A, Fischle W, Urlaub H, Luhrmann R. Molecular architecture of the human Prp19/CDC5L complex. Mol Cell Biol. 2010 May;30(9):2105-19. doi: 10.1128/MCB.01505-09. Epub 2010 Feb, 22. PMID:20176811 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01505-09
19. ↑ Zhou S, Fujimuro M, Hsieh JJ, Chen L, Hayward SD. A role for SKIP in EBNA2 activation of CBF1-repressed promoters. J Virol. 2000 Feb;74(4):1939-47. PMID:10644367
20. ↑ Leong GM, Subramaniam N, Figueroa J, Flanagan JL, Hayman MJ, Eisman JA, Kouzmenko AP. Ski-interacting protein interacts with Smad proteins to augment transforming growth factor-beta-dependent transcription. J Biol Chem. 2001 May 25;276(21):18243-8. Epub 2001 Mar 6. PMID:11278756 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M010815200
21. ↑ Kim YJ, Noguchi S, Hayashi YK, Tsukahara T, Shimizu T, Arahata K. The product of an oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy gene, poly(A)-binding protein 2, interacts with SKIP and stimulates muscle-specific gene expression. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 May 15;10(11):1129-39. PMID:11371506
22. ↑ Zhang C, Baudino TA, Dowd DR, Tokumaru H, Wang W, MacDonald PN. Ternary complexes and cooperative interplay between NCoA-62/Ski-interacting protein and steroid receptor coactivators in vitamin D receptor-mediated transcription. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 2;276(44):40614-20. Epub 2001 Aug 20. PMID:11514567 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M106263200
23. ↑ Zhang C, Dowd DR, Staal A, Gu C, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS, MacDonald PN. Nuclear coactivator-62 kDa/Ski-interacting protein is a nuclear matrix-associated coactivator that may couple vitamin D receptor-mediated transcription and RNA splicing. J Biol Chem. 2003 Sep 12;278(37):35325-36. Epub 2003 Jul 2. PMID:12840015 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M305191200
24. ↑ Leong GM, Subramaniam N, Issa LL, Barry JB, Kino T, Driggers PH, Hayman MJ, Eisman JA, Gardiner EM. Ski-interacting protein, a bifunctional nuclear receptor coregulator that interacts with N-CoR/SMRT and p300. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Mar 19;315(4):1070-6. PMID:14985122 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.004
25. ↑ Figueroa JD, Hayman MJ. The human Ski-interacting protein functionally substitutes for the yeast PRP45 gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jul 9;319(4):1105-9. PMID:15194481 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.096
26. ↑ Bres V, Gomes N, Pickle L, Jones KA. A human splicing factor, SKIP, associates with P-TEFb and enhances transcription elongation by HIV-1 Tat. Genes Dev. 2005 May 15;19(10):1211-26. PMID:15905409 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.1291705
27. ↑ Bracken CP, Wall SJ, Barre B, Panov KI, Ajuh PM, Perkins ND. Regulation of cyclin D1 RNA stability by SNIP1. Cancer Res. 2008 Sep 15;68(18):7621-8. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1217. PMID:18794151 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1217
28. ↑ Bres V, Yoshida T, Pickle L, Jones KA. SKIP interacts with c-Myc and Menin to promote HIV-1 Tat transactivation. Mol Cell. 2009 Oct 9;36(1):75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2009.08.015. PMID:19818711 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2009.08.015
29. ↑ Vasquez-Del Carpio R, Kaplan FM, Weaver KL, VanWye JD, Alves-Guerra MC, Robbins DJ, Capobianco AJ. Assembly of a Notch transcriptional activation complex requires multimerization. Mol Cell Biol. 2011 Apr;31(7):1396-408. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00360-10. Epub 2011 Jan , 18. PMID:21245387 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00360-10
30. ↑ Chen Y, Zhang L, Jones KA. SKIP counteracts p53-mediated apoptosis via selective regulation of p21Cip1 mRNA splicing. Genes Dev. 2011 Apr 1;25(7):701-16. doi: 10.1101/gad.2002611. PMID:21460037 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.2002611
31. ↑ Baudino TA, Kraichely DM, Jefcoat SC Jr, Winchester SK, Partridge NC, MacDonald PN. Isolation and characterization of a novel coactivator protein, NCoA-62, involved in vitamin D-mediated transcription. J Biol Chem. 1998 Jun 26;273(26):16434-41. PMID:9632709
32. ↑ Montaville P, Dai Y, Cheung CY, Giller K, Becker S, Michalak M, Webb SE, Miller AL, Krebs J. Nuclear translocation of the calcium-binding protein ALG-2 induced by the RNA-binding protein RBM22. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Nov;1763(11):1335-43. Epub 2006 Sep 14. PMID:17045351 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.09.003
33. ↑ Janowicz A, Michalak M, Krebs J. Stress induced subcellular distribution of ALG-2, RBM22 and hSlu7. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 May;1813(5):1045-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.010., Epub 2010 Nov 29. PMID:21122810 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.11.010
34. ↑ Rasche N, Dybkov O, Schmitzova J, Akyildiz B, Fabrizio P, Luhrmann R. Cwc2 and its human homologue RBM22 promote an active conformation of the spliceosome catalytic centre. EMBO J. 2012 Mar 21;31(6):1591-604. doi: 10.1038/emboj.2011.502. Epub 2012 Jan, 13. PMID:22246180 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.502
35. ↑ Chua K, Reed R. Human step II splicing factor hSlu7 functions in restructuring the spliceosome between the catalytic steps of splicing. Genes Dev. 1999 Apr 1;13(7):841-50. PMID:10197984
36. ↑ Chua K, Reed R. The RNA splicing factor hSlu7 is required for correct 3' splice-site choice. Nature. 1999 Nov 11;402(6758):207-10. PMID:10647016 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/46086
37. ↑ Lev-Maor G, Sorek R, Shomron N, Ast G. The birth of an alternatively spliced exon: 3' splice-site selection in Alu exons. Science. 2003 May 23;300(5623):1288-91. PMID:12764196 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1082588
38. ↑ Shomron N, Alberstein M, Reznik M, Ast G. Stress alters the subcellular distribution of hSlu7 and thus modulates alternative splicing. J Cell Sci. 2005 Mar 15;118(Pt 6):1151-9. Epub 2005 Feb 22. PMID:15728250 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.01720
39. ↑ Hirose T, Ideue T, Nagai M, Hagiwara M, Shu MD, Steitz JA. A spliceosomal intron binding protein, IBP160, links position-dependent assembly of intron-encoded box C/D snoRNP to pre-mRNA splicing. Mol Cell. 2006 Sep 1;23(5):673-84. PMID:16949364 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S1097-2765(06)00491-6
40. ↑ Gotzmann J, Gerner C, Meissner M, Holzmann K, Grimm R, Mikulits W, Sauermann G. hNMP 200: a novel human common nuclear matrix protein combining structural and regulatory functions. Exp Cell Res. 2000 Nov 25;261(1):166-79. PMID:11082287 doi:10.1006/excr.2000.5025
41. ↑ Mahajan KN, Mitchell BS. Role of human Pso4 in mammalian DNA repair and association with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Sep 16;100(19):10746-51. Epub 2003 Sep 5. PMID:12960389 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1631060100
42. ↑ Grillari J, Ajuh P, Stadler G, Loscher M, Voglauer R, Ernst W, Chusainow J, Eisenhaber F, Pokar M, Fortschegger K, Grey M, Lamond AI, Katinger H. SNEV is an evolutionarily conserved splicing factor whose oligomerization is necessary for spliceosome assembly. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005 Dec 6;33(21):6868-83. Print 2005. PMID:16332694 doi:33/21/6868
43. ↑ Loscher M, Fortschegger K, Ritter G, Wostry M, Voglauer R, Schmid JA, Watters S, Rivett AJ, Ajuh P, Lamond AI, Katinger H, Grillari J. Interaction of U-box E3 ligase SNEV with PSMB4, the beta7 subunit of the 20 S proteasome. Biochem J. 2005 Jun 1;388(Pt 2):593-603. PMID:15660529 doi:10.1042/BJ20041517
44. ↑ Zhang N, Kaur R, Lu X, Shen X, Li L, Legerski RJ. The Pso4 mRNA splicing and DNA repair complex interacts with WRN for processing of DNA interstrand cross-links. J Biol Chem. 2005 Dec 9;280(49):40559-67. Epub 2005 Oct 12. PMID:16223718 doi:M508453200
45. ↑ Voglauer R, Chang MW, Dampier B, Wieser M, Baumann K, Sterovsky T, Schreiber M, Katinger H, Grillari J. SNEV overexpression extends the life span of human endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res. 2006 Apr 1;312(6):746-59. Epub 2006 Jan 4. PMID:16388800 doi:S0014-4827(05)00560-4
46. ↑ Steckelberg AL, Boehm V, Gromadzka AM, Gehring NH. CWC22 connects pre-mRNA splicing and exon junction complex assembly. Cell Rep. 2012 Sep 27;2(3):454-61. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.017. Epub 2012, Sep 6. PMID:22959432 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.017
47. ↑ Barbosa I, Haque N, Fiorini F, Barrandon C, Tomasetto C, Blanchette M, Le Hir H. Human CWC22 escorts the helicase eIF4AIII to spliceosomes and promotes exon junction complex assembly. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2012 Oct;19(10):983-90. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2380. Epub 2012, Sep 9. PMID:22961380 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2380
48. ↑ Alexandrov A, Colognori D, Shu MD, Steitz JA. Human spliceosomal protein CWC22 plays a role in coupling splicing to exon junction complex deposition and nonsense-mediated decay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Dec 26;109(52):21313-8. doi:, 10.1073/pnas.1219725110. Epub 2012 Dec 10. PMID:23236153 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1219725110
49. ↑ Bernstein HS, Coughlin SR. Pombe Cdc5-related protein. A putative human transcription factor implicated in mitogen-activated signaling. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 28;272(9):5833-7. PMID:9038199
50. ↑ Ohi R, Feoktistova A, McCann S, Valentine V, Look AT, Lipsick JS, Gould KL. Myb-related Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc5p is structurally and functionally conserved in eukaryotes. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Jul;18(7):4097-108. PMID:9632794
51. ↑ Bernstein HS, Coughlin SR. A mammalian homolog of fission yeast Cdc5 regulates G2 progression and mitotic entry. J Biol Chem. 1998 Feb 20;273(8):4666-71. PMID:9468527
52. ↑ Burns CG, Ohi R, Krainer AR, Gould KL. Evidence that Myb-related CDC5 proteins are required for pre-mRNA splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Nov 23;96(24):13789-94. PMID:10570151
53. ↑ Ajuh P, Kuster B, Panov K, Zomerdijk JC, Mann M, Lamond AI. Functional analysis of the human CDC5L complex and identification of its components by mass spectrometry. EMBO J. 2000 Dec 1;19(23):6569-81. PMID:11101529 doi:10.1093/emboj/19.23.6569
54. ↑ Lei XH, Shen X, Xu XQ, Bernstein HS. Human Cdc5, a regulator of mitotic entry, can act as a site-specific DNA binding protein. J Cell Sci. 2000 Dec;113 Pt 24:4523-31. PMID:11082045
55. ↑ Ajuh P, Sleeman J, Chusainow J, Lamond AI. A direct interaction between the carboxyl-terminal region of CDC5L and the WD40 domain of PLRG1 is essential for pre-mRNA splicing. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 9;276(45):42370-81. Epub 2001 Sep 5. PMID:11544257 doi:10.1074/jbc.M105453200
56. ↑ Leonard D, Ajuh P, Lamond AI, Legerski RJ. hLodestar/HuF2 interacts with CDC5L and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Sep 5;308(4):793-801. PMID:12927788
57. ↑ Graub R, Lancero H, Pedersen A, Chu M, Padmanabhan K, Xu XQ, Spitz P, Chalkley R, Burlingame AL, Stokoe D, Bernstein HS. Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of human CDC5 regulates RNA processing. Cell Cycle. 2008 Jun 15;7(12):1795-803. Epub 2008 Jun 25. PMID:18583928
58. ↑ Lindsey LA, Garcia-Blanco MA. Functional conservation of the human homolog of the yeast pre-mRNA splicing factor Prp17p. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 4;273(49):32771-5. PMID:9830021
59. ↑ Pillai RS, Will CL, Luhrmann R, Schumperli D, Muller B. Purified U7 snRNPs lack the Sm proteins D1 and D2 but contain Lsm10, a new 14 kDa Sm D1-like protein. EMBO J. 2001 Oct 1;20(19):5470-9. PMID:11574479 doi:10.1093/emboj/20.19.5470
60. ↑ Marechal A, Li JM, Ji XY, Wu CS, Yazinski SA, Nguyen HD, Liu S, Jimenez AE, Jin J, Zou L. PRP19 transforms into a sensor of RPA-ssDNA after DNA damage and drives ATR activation via a ubiquitin-mediated circuitry. Mol Cell. 2014 Jan 23;53(2):235-46. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.11.002. Epub 2013 , Dec 12. PMID:24332808 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2013.11.002
61. ↑ Shibuya T, Tange TO, Sonenberg N, Moore MJ. eIF4AIII binds spliced mRNA in the exon junction complex and is essential for nonsense-mediated decay. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2004 Apr;11(4):346-51. Epub 2004 Mar 21. PMID:15034551 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb750
62. ↑ Gehring NH, Kunz JB, Neu-Yilik G, Breit S, Viegas MH, Hentze MW, Kulozik AE. Exon-junction complex components specify distinct routes of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay with differential cofactor requirements. Mol Cell. 2005 Oct 7;20(1):65-75. PMID:16209946 doi:http://dx.doi.org/S1097-2765(05)01554-6
63. ↑ Ballut L, Marchadier B, Baguet A, Tomasetto C, Seraphin B, Le Hir H. The exon junction core complex is locked onto RNA by inhibition of eIF4AIII ATPase activity. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2005 Oct;12(10):861-9. Epub 2005 Sep 18. PMID:16170325 doi:http://dx.doi.org/nsmb990
64. ↑ Noble CG, Song H. MLN51 stimulates the RNA-helicase activity of eIF4AIII. PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21;2(3):e303. PMID:17375189 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000303
65. ↑ Lee HC, Choe J, Chi SG, Kim YK. Exon junction complex enhances translation of spliced mRNAs at multiple steps. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009 Jul 3;384(3):334-40. doi:, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.123. Epub 2009 May 3. PMID:19409878 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.04.123
66. ↑ Liu S, Rauhut R, Vornlocher HP, Luhrmann R. The network of protein-protein interactions within the human U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP. RNA. 2006 Jul;12(7):1418-30. Epub 2006 May 24. PMID:16723661 doi:rna.55406
67. ↑ Lauber J, Fabrizio P, Teigelkamp S, Lane WS, Hartmann E, Luhrmann R. The HeLa 200 kDa U5 snRNP-specific protein and its homologue in Saccharomyces cerevisiae are members of the DEXH-box protein family of putative RNA helicases. EMBO J. 1996 Aug 1;15(15):4001-15. PMID:8670905
68. ↑ Laggerbauer B, Achsel T, Luhrmann R. The human U5-200kD DEXH-box protein unwinds U4/U6 RNA duplices in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998 Apr 14;95(8):4188-92. PMID:9539711
69. ↑ Santos KF, Jovin SM, Weber G, Pena V, Luhrmann R, Wahl MC. Structural basis for functional cooperation between tandem helicase cassettes in Brr2-mediated remodeling of the spliceosome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Oct 8. PMID:23045696 doi:10.1073/pnas.1208098109
70. ↑ Achsel T, Ahrens K, Brahms H, Teigelkamp S, Luhrmann R. The human U5-220kD protein (hPrp8) forms a stable RNA-free complex with several U5-specific proteins, including an RNA unwindase, a homologue of ribosomal elongation factor EF-2, and a novel WD-40 protein. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Nov;18(11):6756-66. PMID:9774689
71. ↑ Ohno M, Shimura Y. A human RNA helicase-like protein, HRH1, facilitates nuclear export of spliced mRNA by releasing the RNA from the spliceosome. Genes Dev. 1996 Apr 15;10(8):997-1007. PMID:8608946
72. ↑ Baguet A, Degot S, Cougot N, Bertrand E, Chenard MP, Wendling C, Kessler P, Le Hir H, Rio MC, Tomasetto C. The exon-junction-complex-component metastatic lymph node 51 functions in stress-granule assembly. J Cell Sci. 2007 Aug 15;120(Pt 16):2774-84. Epub 2007 Jul 24. PMID:17652158 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.009225
73. ↑ Noble CG, Song H. MLN51 stimulates the RNA-helicase activity of eIF4AIII. PLoS One. 2007 Mar 21;2(3):e303. PMID:17375189 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000303
74. ↑ Xu C, Zhang J, Huang X, Sun J, Xu Y, Tang Y, Wu J, Shi Y, Huang Q, Zhang Q. Solution structure of human peptidyl prolyl isomerase-like protein 1 and insights into its interaction with SKIP. J Biol Chem. 2006 Jun 9;281(23):15900-8. Epub 2006 Apr 4. PMID:16595688 doi:10.1074/jbc.M511155200
75. ↑ Zhang X, Zhan X, Yan C, Zhang W, Liu D, Lei J, Shi Y. Structures of the human spliceosomes before and after release of the ligated exon. Cell Res. 2019 Feb 6. pii: 10.1038/s41422-019-0143-x. doi:, 10.1038/s41422-019-0143-x. PMID:30728453 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41422-019-0143-x