6o9m

Structural highlights

Disease

[TF2H5_HUMAN] Defects in GTF2H5 are a cause of trichothiodystrophy photosensitive (TTDP) [MIM:601675]. TTDP is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by sulfur-deficient brittle hair and nails, ichthyosis, mental retardation, impaired sexual development, abnormal facies and cutaneous photosensitivity correlated with a nucleotide excision repair (NER) defect. Neonates with trichothiodystrophy and ichthyosis are usually born with a collodion membrane. The severity of the ichthyosis after the membrane is shed is variable, ranging from a mild to severe lamellar ichthyotic phenotype. There are no reports of skin cancer associated with TTDP. [ERCC3_HUMAN] IBIDS syndrome;Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group B;PIBIDS syndrome;Xeroderma pigmentosum/Cockayne syndrome complex. Defects in ERCC3 are the cause of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group B (XP-B) [MIM:610651]; also known as xeroderma pigmentosum II (XP2) or XP group B (XPB) or xeroderma pigmentosum group B combined with Cockayne syndrome (XP-B/CS). Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive pigmentary skin disorder characterized by solar hypersensitivity of the skin, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight and, in some cases, neurological abnormalities. Some XP-B patients present features of Cockayne syndrome, including dwarfism, sensorineural deafness, microcephaly, mental retardation, pigmentary retinopathy, ataxia, decreased nerve conduction velocities.^{[1] [2]} Defects in ERCC3 are a cause of trichothiodystrophy photosensitive (TTDP) [MIM:601675]. TTDP is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by sulfur-deficient brittle hair and nails, ichthyosis, mental retardation, impaired sexual development, abnormal facies and cutaneous photosensitivity correlated with a nucleotide excision repair (NER) defect. Neonates with trichothiodystrophy and ichthyosis are usually born with a collodion membrane. The severity of the ichthyosis after the membrane is shed is variable, ranging from a mild to severe lamellar ichthyotic phenotype. There are no reports of skin cancer associated with TTDP.^[3] [ERCC2_HUMAN] Trichothiodystrophy;COFS syndrome;Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group D. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Function

[TF2H5_HUMAN] Component of the TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Necessary for the stability of the TFIIH complex and for the presence of normal levels of TFIIH in the cell.^[4] [TF2H4_HUMAN] Component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. [TF2H2_HUMAN] Component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. The N-terminus interacts with and regulates XPD whereas an intact C-terminus is required for a successful escape of RNAP II form the promoter. [TF2H1_HUMAN] Component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. [ERCC3_HUMAN] ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase, component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor, involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Acts by opening DNA either around the RNA transcription start site or the DNA damage.^[5] [ERCC2_HUMAN] ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase, component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor. Involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA by opening DNA around the damage, and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II by anchoring the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex, composed of CDK7, cyclin H and MAT1, to the core-TFIIH complex. Involved in the regulation of vitamin-D receptor activity. As part of the mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex it plays a role in chromosome segregation. Might have a role in aging process and could play a causative role in the generation of skin cancers.^{[6] [7] [8] [9]} [MAT1_HUMAN] Stabilizes the cyclin H-CDK7 complex to form a functional CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminus domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II.^[10] [TF2H3_HUMAN] Component of the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Anchors XPB.

References

1. ↑ Vermeulen W, Scott RJ, Rodgers S, Muller HJ, Cole J, Arlett CF, Kleijer WJ, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH, Weeda G. Clinical heterogeneity within xeroderma pigmentosum associated with mutations in the DNA repair and transcription gene ERCC3. Am J Hum Genet. 1994 Feb;54(2):191-200. PMID:8304337
2. ↑ Oh KS, Khan SG, Jaspers NG, Raams A, Ueda T, Lehmann A, Friedmann PS, Emmert S, Gratchev A, Lachlan K, Lucassan A, Baker CC, Kraemer KH. Phenotypic heterogeneity in the XPB DNA helicase gene (ERCC3): xeroderma pigmentosum without and with Cockayne syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2006 Nov;27(11):1092-103. PMID:16947863 doi:10.1002/humu.20392
3. ↑ Weeda G, Eveno E, Donker I, Vermeulen W, Chevallier-Lagente O, Taieb A, Stary A, Hoeijmakers JH, Mezzina M, Sarasin A. A mutation in the XPB/ERCC3 DNA repair transcription gene, associated with trichothiodystrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 Feb;60(2):320-9. PMID:9012405
4. ↑ Giglia-Mari G, Coin F, Ranish JA, Hoogstraten D, Theil A, Wijgers N, Jaspers NG, Raams A, Argentini M, van der Spek PJ, Botta E, Stefanini M, Egly JM, Aebersold R, Hoeijmakers JH, Vermeulen W. A new, tenth subunit of TFIIH is responsible for the DNA repair syndrome trichothiodystrophy group A. Nat Genet. 2004 Jul;36(7):714-9. Epub 2004 Jun 27. PMID:15220921 doi:10.1038/ng1387
5. ↑ Tirode F, Busso D, Coin F, Egly JM. Reconstitution of the transcription factor TFIIH: assignment of functions for the three enzymatic subunits, XPB, XPD, and cdk7. Mol Cell. 1999 Jan;3(1):87-95. PMID:10024882
6. ↑ Tirode F, Busso D, Coin F, Egly JM. Reconstitution of the transcription factor TFIIH: assignment of functions for the three enzymatic subunits, XPB, XPD, and cdk7. Mol Cell. 1999 Jan;3(1):87-95. PMID:10024882
7. ↑ Drane P, Compe E, Catez P, Chymkowitch P, Egly JM. Selective regulation of vitamin D receptor-responsive genes by TFIIH. Mol Cell. 2004 Oct 22;16(2):187-97. PMID:15494306 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.007
8. ↑ Ito S, Tan LJ, Andoh D, Narita T, Seki M, Hirano Y, Narita K, Kuraoka I, Hiraoka Y, Tanaka K. MMXD, a TFIIH-independent XPD-MMS19 protein complex involved in chromosome segregation. Mol Cell. 2010 Aug 27;39(4):632-40. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.07.029. PMID:20797633 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.07.029
9. ↑ Sung P, Bailly V, Weber C, Thompson LH, Prakash L, Prakash S. Human xeroderma pigmentosum group D gene encodes a DNA helicase. Nature. 1993 Oct 28;365(6449):852-5. PMID:8413672 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365852a0
10. ↑ Tirode F, Busso D, Coin F, Egly JM. Reconstitution of the transcription factor TFIIH: assignment of functions for the three enzymatic subunits, XPB, XPD, and cdk7. Mol Cell. 1999 Jan;3(1):87-95. PMID:10024882
11. ↑ Greber BJ, Nguyen THD, Fang J, Afonine PV, Adams PD, Nogales E. The cryo-electron microscopy structure of human transcription factor IIH. Nature. 2017 Sep 21;549(7672):414-417. doi: 10.1038/nature23903. Epub 2017 Sep, 13. PMID:28902838 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature23903