6oa9

Structural highlights

Function

[CDC48_YEAST] ATP-dependent chaperone which probably uses the energy provided by ATP hydrolysis to generate mechanical force to unfold substrate proteins, disassemble protein complexes, and disaggregate protein aggregates (PubMed:21454554). By recruiting and promoting the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, plays a role in the ubiquitin fusion degradation (UFD) pathway (PubMed:16428438). Has a role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway which mediates the cytoplasmic elimination of misfolded proteins exported from the ER (PubMed:11813000, PubMed:11740563, PubMed:11847109, PubMed:21148305). Required for the proteasome-dependent processing/activation of MGA2 and SPT23 transcription factors leading to the subsequent expression of OLE1 (PubMed:11847109, PubMed:11733065). Has an additional role in the turnover of OLE1 where it targets ubiquitinated OLE1 and other proteins to the ERAD (PubMed:11847109). Regulates ubiquitin-mediated mitochondria protein degradation (PubMed:21070972, PubMed:27044889). Involved in spindle disassembly probably by promoting the degradation of spindle assembly factors ASE1 and CDC5 at the end of mitosis (PubMed:14636562). Component of the ribosome quality control complex (RQC), a ribosome-associated complex that mediates ubiquitination and extraction of incompletely synthesized nascent chains for proteasomal degradation (PubMed:23178123, PubMed:24261871). CDC48 may provide the mechanical force that dislodges the polyubiquitinated nascent peptides from the exit channel (PubMed:23178123, PubMed:24261871). Required for ribophagy, a process which relocalizes ribosomal particles into the vacuole for degradation in response to starvation (PubMed:20508643).^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]} [NPL4_YEAST] Involved in the import of nuclear-targeted proteins into the nucleus and the export of poly(A) RNA out of the nucleus (PubMed:8930904, PubMed:11733065). Has a role in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway (PubMed:11739805, PubMed:11740563, PubMed:11847109). Required for the proteasome-dependent processing/activation of MGA2 and SPT23 transcription factors leading to the subsequent expression of OLE1 (PubMed:11733065). Has an additional role in the turnover of OLE1 where it targets ubiquitinated OLE1 and other proteins to the ERAD (PubMed:11847109). Regulates ubiquitin-mediated mitochondria protein degradation (PubMed:21070972). Involved in spindle disassembly probably by promoting the degradation of spindle assemby factors ASE1 and CDC5 at the end of mitosis (PubMed:14636562).^{[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]} [RL40A_YEAST] Ubiquitin: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, and DNA-damage responses. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling (By similarity). 60S ribosomal protein L40-A: Component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for the synthesis of proteins in the cell. The small ribosomal subunit (SSU) binds messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and translates the encoded message by selecting cognate aminoacyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules. The large subunit (LSU) contains the ribosomal catalytic site termed the peptidyl transferase center (PTC), which catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, thereby polymerizing the amino acids delivered by tRNAs into a polypeptide chain. The nascent polypeptides leave the ribosome through a tunnel in the LSU and interact with protein factors that function in enzymatic processing, targeting, and the membrane insertion of nascent chains at the exit of the ribosomal tunnel (PubMed:22096102). eL40 is essential for translation of a subset of cellular transcripts, including stress response transcripts, such as DDR2 (PubMed:23169626).^{[21] [22]}

References

1. ↑ Rape M, Hoppe T, Gorr I, Kalocay M, Richly H, Jentsch S. Mobilization of processed, membrane-tethered SPT23 transcription factor by CDC48(UFD1/NPL4), a ubiquitin-selective chaperone. Cell. 2001 Nov 30;107(5):667-77. PMID:11733065
2. ↑ Ye Y, Meyer HH, Rapoport TA. The AAA ATPase Cdc48/p97 and its partners transport proteins from the ER into the cytosol. Nature. 2001 Dec 6;414(6864):652-6. PMID:11740563 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/414652a
3. ↑ Jarosch E, Taxis C, Volkwein C, Bordallo J, Finley D, Wolf DH, Sommer T. Protein dislocation from the ER requires polyubiquitination and the AAA-ATPase Cdc48. Nat Cell Biol. 2002 Feb;4(2):134-9. PMID:11813000 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncb746
4. ↑ Braun S, Matuschewski K, Rape M, Thoms S, Jentsch S. Role of the ubiquitin-selective CDC48(UFD1/NPL4 )chaperone (segregase) in ERAD of OLE1 and other substrates. EMBO J. 2002 Feb 15;21(4):615-21. PMID:11847109
5. ↑ Cao K, Nakajima R, Meyer HH, Zheng Y. The AAA-ATPase Cdc48/p97 regulates spindle disassembly at the end of mitosis. Cell. 2003 Oct 31;115(3):355-67. PMID:14636562
6. ↑ Mullally JE, Chernova T, Wilkinson KD. Doa1 is a Cdc48 adapter that possesses a novel ubiquitin binding domain. Mol Cell Biol. 2006 Feb;26(3):822-30. doi: 10.1128/MCB.26.3.822-830.2006. PMID:16428438 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.26.3.822-830.2006
7. ↑ Ossareh-Nazari B, Bonizec M, Cohen M, Dokudovskaya S, Delalande F, Schaeffer C, Van Dorsselaer A, Dargemont C. Cdc48 and Ufd3, new partners of the ubiquitin protease Ubp3, are required for ribophagy. EMBO Rep. 2010 Jul;11(7):548-54. doi: 10.1038/embor.2010.74. Epub 2010 May 28. PMID:20508643 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/embor.2010.74
8. ↑ Heo JM, Livnat-Levanon N, Taylor EB, Jones KT, Dephoure N, Ring J, Xie J, Brodsky JL, Madeo F, Gygi SP, Ashrafi K, Glickman MH, Rutter J. A stress-responsive system for mitochondrial protein degradation. Mol Cell. 2010 Nov 12;40(3):465-80. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.021. PMID:21070972 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.021
9. ↑ Tran JR, Tomsic LR, Brodsky JL. A Cdc48p-associated factor modulates endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, cell stress, and ubiquitinated protein homeostasis. J Biol Chem. 2011 Feb 18;286(7):5744-55. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.179259. Epub 2010 , Dec 9. PMID:21148305 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.179259
10. ↑ Nishikori S, Esaki M, Yamanaka K, Sugimoto S, Ogura T. Positive cooperativity of the p97 AAA ATPase is critical for essential functions. J Biol Chem. 2011 May 6;286(18):15815-20. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.201400. Epub 2011, Mar 18. PMID:21454554 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M110.201400
11. ↑ Brandman O, Stewart-Ornstein J, Wong D, Larson A, Williams CC, Li GW, Zhou S, King D, Shen PS, Weibezahn J, Dunn JG, Rouskin S, Inada T, Frost A, Weissman JS. A ribosome-bound quality control complex triggers degradation of nascent peptides and signals translation stress. Cell. 2012 Nov 21;151(5):1042-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.044. PMID:23178123 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.044
12. ↑ Matsuda R, Ikeuchi K, Nomura S, Inada T. Protein quality control systems associated with no-go and nonstop mRNA surveillance in yeast. Genes Cells. 2014 Jan;19(1):1-12. doi: 10.1111/gtc.12106. Epub 2013 Nov 21. PMID:24261871 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gtc.12106
13. ↑ Wu X, Li L, Jiang H. Doa1 targets ubiquitinated substrates for mitochondria-associated degradation. J Cell Biol. 2016 Apr 11;213(1):49-63. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201510098. Epub 2016 Apr , 4. PMID:27044889 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201510098
14. ↑ Rape M, Hoppe T, Gorr I, Kalocay M, Richly H, Jentsch S. Mobilization of processed, membrane-tethered SPT23 transcription factor by CDC48(UFD1/NPL4), a ubiquitin-selective chaperone. Cell. 2001 Nov 30;107(5):667-77. PMID:11733065
15. ↑ Bays NW, Wilhovsky SK, Goradia A, Hodgkiss-Harlow K, Hampton RY. HRD4/NPL4 is required for the proteasomal processing of ubiquitinated ER proteins. Mol Biol Cell. 2001 Dec;12(12):4114-28. doi: 10.1091/mbc.12.12.4114. PMID:11739805 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.12.12.4114
16. ↑ Ye Y, Meyer HH, Rapoport TA. The AAA ATPase Cdc48/p97 and its partners transport proteins from the ER into the cytosol. Nature. 2001 Dec 6;414(6864):652-6. PMID:11740563 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/414652a
17. ↑ Braun S, Matuschewski K, Rape M, Thoms S, Jentsch S. Role of the ubiquitin-selective CDC48(UFD1/NPL4 )chaperone (segregase) in ERAD of OLE1 and other substrates. EMBO J. 2002 Feb 15;21(4):615-21. PMID:11847109
18. ↑ Cao K, Nakajima R, Meyer HH, Zheng Y. The AAA-ATPase Cdc48/p97 regulates spindle disassembly at the end of mitosis. Cell. 2003 Oct 31;115(3):355-67. PMID:14636562
19. ↑ Heo JM, Livnat-Levanon N, Taylor EB, Jones KT, Dephoure N, Ring J, Xie J, Brodsky JL, Madeo F, Gygi SP, Ashrafi K, Glickman MH, Rutter J. A stress-responsive system for mitochondrial protein degradation. Mol Cell. 2010 Nov 12;40(3):465-80. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.021. PMID:21070972 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2010.10.021
20. ↑ DeHoratius C, Silver PA. Nuclear transport defects and nuclear envelope alterations are associated with mutation of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae NPL4 gene. Mol Biol Cell. 1996 Nov;7(11):1835-55. PMID:8930904
21. ↑ Lee AS, Burdeinick-Kerr R, Whelan SP. A ribosome-specialized translation initiation pathway is required for cap-dependent translation of vesicular stomatitis virus mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Jan 2;110(1):324-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1216454109. , Epub 2012 Nov 19. PMID:23169626 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1216454109
22. ↑ Ben-Shem A, Garreau de Loubresse N, Melnikov S, Jenner L, Yusupova G, Yusupov M. The structure of the eukaryotic ribosome at 3.0 A resolution. Science. 2011 Dec 16;334(6062):1524-9. Epub 2011 Nov 17. PMID:22096102 doi:10.1126/science.1212642
23. ↑ Twomey EC, Ji Z, Wales TE, Bodnar NO, Ficarro SB, Marto JA, Engen JR, Rapoport TA. Substrate processing by the Cdc48 ATPase complex is initiated by ubiquitin unfolding. Science. 2019 Jun 27. pii: science.aax1033. doi: 10.1126/science.aax1033. PMID:31249135 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax1033