6olf

Structural highlights

Disease

[RS7_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 8 (DBA8) [MIM:612563]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^[1] [RL21_HUMAN] Hypotrichosis simplex. Note=Defects in RPL21 are a cause of generalized hypotrichosis simplex (HTS). A rare form of non-syndromic hereditary hypotrichosis without characteristic hair shaft anomalies. Affected individuals typically show normal hair at birth, but hair loss and thinning of the hair shaft start during early childhood and progress with age.^[2] [RS19_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 1 (DBA1) [MIM:105650]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]} [REFERENCE:18] [CADH1_HUMAN] Defects in CDH1 are the cause of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) [MIM:137215]. An autosomal dominant cancer predisposition syndrome with increased susceptibility to diffuse gastric cancer. Diffuse gastric cancer is a malignant disease characterized by poorly differentiated infiltrating lesions resulting in thickening of the stomach. Malignant tumors start in the stomach, can spread to the esophagus or the small intestine, and can extend through the stomach wall to nearby lymph nodes and organs. It also can metastasize to other parts of the body. Note=Heterozygous germline mutations CDH1 are responsible for familial cases of diffuse gastric cancer. Somatic mutations in the has also been found in patients with sporadic diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer.^{[10] [11]} Defects in CDH1 are a cause of susceptibility to endometrial cancer (ENDMC) [MIM:608089]. Defects in CDH1 are a cause of susceptibility to ovarian cancer (OC) [MIM:167000]. Ovarian cancer common malignancy originating from ovarian tissue. Although many histologic types of ovarian neoplasms have been described, epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the most common form. Ovarian cancers are often asymptomatic and the recognized signs and symptoms, even of late-stage disease, are vague. Consequently, most patients are diagnosed with advanced disease. [RL26_HUMAN] Diamond-Blackfan anemia 11 (DBA11) [MIM:614900]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^[12] [RL35A_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 5 (DBA5) [MIM:612528]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^[13] [RL10_HUMAN] Defects in RPL10 are a cause of susceptibility to autism X-linked type 5 (AUTSX5) [MIM:300847]. A complex multifactorial, pervasive developmental disorder characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interaction and communication, restricted and stereotyped patterns of interests and activities, and the presence of developmental abnormalities by 3 years of age. Most individuals with autism also manifest moderate mental retardation. Note=RPL10 is involved in autism only in rare cases. Two hypomorphic variants affecting the translation process have been found in families with autism spectrum disorders, suggesting that aberrant translation may play a role in disease mechanisms.^{[14] [15]} [RS26_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 10 (DBA10) [MIM:613309]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^[16] [RS24_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 3 (DBA3) [MIM:610629]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^[17] [RS14_HUMAN] Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with isolated del(5q) chromosome abnormality. [RL5_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 6 (DBA6) [MIM:612561]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^{[18] [19]} [RL11_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 7 (DBA7) [MIM:612562]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^{[20] [21]} [RS17_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 4 (DBA4) [MIM:612527]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of developing leukemia. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^{[22] [23]} [RS10_HUMAN] Blackfan-Diamond disease. Diamond-Blackfan anemia 9 (DBA9) [MIM:613308]: A form of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, a congenital non-regenerative hypoplastic anemia that usually presents early in infancy. Diamond-Blackfan anemia is characterized by a moderate to severe macrocytic anemia, erythroblastopenia, and an increased risk of malignancy. 30 to 40% of Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients present with short stature and congenital anomalies, the most frequent being craniofacial (Pierre-Robin syndrome and cleft palate), thumb and urogenital anomalies. Note=The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.^[24] [RL7A_HUMAN] Note=Chromosomal recombination involving RPL7A activates the receptor kinase domain of the TRK oncogene.

Function

[RS7_HUMAN] Required for rRNA maturation.^[25] [RL41_HUMAN] Interacts with the beta subunit of protein kinase CKII and stimulates phosphorylation of DNA topoisomerase II alpha by CKII. [RL13A_HUMAN] Associated with ribosomes but is not required for canonical ribosome function and has extra-ribosomal functions. Component of the GAIT (gamma interferon-activated inhibitor of translation) complex which mediates interferon-gamma-induced transcript-selective translation inhibition in inflammation processes. Upon interferon-gamma activation and subsequent phosphorylation dissociates from the ribosome and assembles into the GAIT complex which binds to stem loop-containing GAIT elements in the 3'-UTR of diverse inflammatory mRNAs (such as ceruplasmin) and suppresses their translation. In the GAIT complex interacts with m7G cap-bound eIF4G at or near the eIF3-binding site and blocks the recruitment of the 43S ribosomal complex. Involved in methylation of rRNA.^{[26] [27] [28] [29]} [RL6_HUMAN] Specifically binds to domain C of the Tax-responsive enhancer element in the long terminal repeat of HTLV-I. [RS19_HUMAN] Required for pre-rRNA processing and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.^[30] [CADH1_HUMAN] Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. CDH1 is involved in mechanisms regulating cell-cell adhesions, mobility and proliferation of epithelial cells. Has a potent invasive suppressor role. It is a ligand for integrin alpha-E/beta-7.^[31] E-Cad/CTF2 promotes non-amyloidogenic degradation of Abeta precursors. Has a strong inhibitory effect on APP C99 and C83 production.^[32] [RL40_HUMAN] Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.^{[33] [34]} Ribosomal protein L40 is a component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome.^{[35] [36]} [RL35A_HUMAN] Required for the proliferation and viability of hematopoietic cells. Plays a role in 60S ribosomal subunit formation. The protein was found to bind to both initiator and elongator tRNAs and consequently was assigned to the P site or P and A site.^[37] [RL37_HUMAN] Binds to the 23S rRNA (By similarity). [RSSA_HUMAN] Required for the assembly and/or stability of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Required for the processing of the 20S rRNA-precursor to mature 18S rRNA in a late step of the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Also functions as a cell surface receptor for laminin. Plays a role in cell adhesion to the basement membrane and in the consequent activation of signaling transduction pathways. May play a role in cell fate determination and tissue morphogenesis. Acts as a PPP1R16B-dependent substrate of PPP1CA. Also acts as a receptor for several other ligands, including the pathogenic prion protein, viruses, and bacteria.^{[38] [39] [40]} [RS24_HUMAN] Required for processing of pre-rRNA and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits.^[41] [RL5_HUMAN] Required for rRNA maturation and formation of the 60S ribosomal subunits. This protein binds 5S RNA.^[42] [RS18_HUMAN] Located at the top of the head of the 40S subunit, it contacts several helices of the 18S rRNA (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_01315] [RL23A_HUMAN] This protein binds to a specific region on the 26S rRNA (By similarity). [RS6_HUMAN] May play an important role in controlling cell growth and proliferation through the selective translation of particular classes of mRNA. [RACK1_HUMAN] Involved in the recruitment, assembly and/or regulation of a variety of signaling molecules. Interacts with a wide variety of proteins and plays a role in many cellular processes. Component of the 40S ribosomal subunit involved in translational repression. Binds to and stabilizes activated protein kinase C (PKC), increasing PKC-mediated phosphorylation. May recruit activated PKC to the ribosome, leading to phosphorylation of EIF6. Inhibits the activity of SRC kinases including SRC, LCK and YES1. Inhibits cell growth by prolonging the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Enhances phosphorylation of BMAL1 by PRKCA and inhibits transcriptional activity of the BMAL1-CLOCK heterodimer. Facilitates ligand-independent nuclear translocation of AR following PKC activation, represses AR transactivation activity and is required for phosphorylation of AR by SRC. Modulates IGF1R-dependent integrin signaling and promotes cell spreading and contact with the extracellular matrix. Involved in PKC-dependent translocation of ADAM12 to the cell membrane. Promotes the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins such as CLEC1B and HIF1A. Required for VANGL2 membrane localization, inhibits Wnt signaling, and regulates cellular polarization and oriented cell division during gastrulation. Required for PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Regulates internalization of the muscarinic receptor CHRM2. Promotes apoptosis by increasing oligomerization of BAX and disrupting the interaction of BAX with the anti-apoptotic factor BCL2L. Inhibits TRPM6 channel activity. Regulates cell surface expression of some GPCRs such as TBXA2R. Plays a role in regulation of FLT1-mediated cell migration. Involved in the transport of ABCB4 from the Golgi to the apical bile canalicular membrane (PubMed:19674157). Binds to Y.pseudotuberculosis yopK which leads to inhibition of phagocytosis and survival of bacteria following infection of host cells. Enhances phosphorylation of HIV-1 Nef by PKCs. Promotes migration of breast carcinoma cells by binding to and activating RHOA.^{[43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62]} [RL7_HUMAN] Binds to G-rich structures in 28S rRNA and in mRNAs. Plays a regulatory role in the translation apparatus; inhibits cell-free translation of mRNAs. [RL11_HUMAN] Binds to 5S ribosomal RNA (By similarity). Required for rRNA maturation and formation of the 60S ribosomal subunits. Promotes nucleolar location of PML (By similarity).^[63] [RL3_HUMAN] The L3 protein is a component of the large subunit of cytoplasmic ribosomes. [RS3A_HUMAN] May play a role during erythropoiesis through regulation of transcription factor DDIT3 (By similarity).[HAMAP-Rule:MF_03122] [RS10_HUMAN] Component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. [RS27A_HUMAN] Ubiquitin exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.^{[64] [65]} Ribosomal protein S27a is a component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.^{[66] [67]}

See Also

• Ribosome 3D structures

References

1. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
2. ↑ Zhou C, Zang D, Jin Y, Wu H, Liu Z, Du J, Zhang J. Mutation in ribosomal protein L21 underlies hereditary hypotrichosis simplex. Hum Mutat. 2011 Jul;32(7):710-4. doi: 10.1002/humu.21503. Epub 2011 Apr 26. PMID:21412954 doi:10.1002/humu.21503
3. ↑ Angelini M, Cannata S, Mercaldo V, Gibello L, Santoro C, Dianzani I, Loreni F. Missense mutations associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia affect the assembly of ribosomal protein S19 into the ribosome. Hum Mol Genet. 2007 Jul 15;16(14):1720-7. Epub 2007 May 20. PMID:17517689 doi:ddm120
4. ↑ Da Costa L, Tchernia G, Gascard P, Lo A, Meerpohl J, Niemeyer C, Chasis JA, Fixler J, Mohandas N. Nucleolar localization of RPS19 protein in normal cells and mislocalization due to mutations in the nucleolar localization signals in 2 Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients: potential insights into pathophysiology. Blood. 2003 Jun 15;101(12):5039-45. Epub 2003 Feb 13. PMID:12586610 doi:10.1182/blood-2002-12-3878
5. ↑ Draptchinskaia N, Gustavsson P, Andersson B, Pettersson M, Willig TN, Dianzani I, Ball S, Tchernia G, Klar J, Matsson H, Tentler D, Mohandas N, Carlsson B, Dahl N. The gene encoding ribosomal protein S19 is mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia. Nat Genet. 1999 Feb;21(2):169-75. PMID:9988267 doi:10.1038/5951
6. ↑ Willig TN, Draptchinskaia N, Dianzani I, Ball S, Niemeyer C, Ramenghi U, Orfali K, Gustavsson P, Garelli E, Brusco A, Tiemann C, Perignon JL, Bouchier C, Cicchiello L, Dahl N, Mohandas N, Tchernia G. Mutations in ribosomal protein S19 gene and diamond blackfan anemia: wide variations in phenotypic expression. Blood. 1999 Dec 15;94(12):4294-306. PMID:10590074
7. ↑ Ramenghi U, Campagnoli MF, Garelli E, Carando A, Brusco A, Bagnara GP, Strippoli P, Izzi GC, Brandalise S, Riccardi R, Dianzani I. Diamond-Blackfan anemia: report of seven further mutations in the RPS19 gene and evidence of mutation heterogeneity in the Italian population. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2000 Oct;26(5):417-22. PMID:11112378 doi:10.1006/bcmd.2000.0324
8. ↑ Proust A, Da Costa L, Rince P, Landois A, Tamary H, Zaizov R, Tchernia G, Delaunay J. Ten novel Diamond-Blackfan anemia mutations and three polymorphisms within the rps19 gene. Hematol J. 2003;4(2):132-6. PMID:12750732 doi:10.1038/sj.thj.6200230
9. ↑ Gazda HT, Zhong R, Long L, Niewiadomska E, Lipton JM, Ploszynska A, Zaucha JM, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Viskochil DH, Niemeyer CM, Meerpohl JJ, Rokicka-Milewska R, Pospisilova D, Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W, Nathan DG, Beggs AH, Sieff CA. RNA and protein evidence for haplo-insufficiency in Diamond-Blackfan anaemia patients with RPS19 mutations. Br J Haematol. 2004 Oct;127(1):105-13. PMID:15384984 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05152.x
10. ↑ Yoon KA, Ku JL, Yang HK, Kim WH, Park SY, Park JG. Germline mutations of E-cadherin gene in Korean familial gastric cancer patients. J Hum Genet. 1999;44(3):177-80. PMID:10319582 doi:10.1007/s100380050137
11. ↑ Yabuta T, Shinmura K, Tani M, Yamaguchi S, Yoshimura K, Katai H, Nakajima T, Mochiki E, Tsujinaka T, Takami M, Hirose K, Yamaguchi A, Takenoshita S, Yokota J. E-cadherin gene variants in gastric cancer families whose probands are diagnosed with diffuse gastric cancer. Int J Cancer. 2002 Oct 10;101(5):434-41. PMID:12216071 doi:10.1002/ijc.10633
12. ↑ Gazda HT, Preti M, Sheen MR, O'Donohue MF, Vlachos A, Davies SM, Kattamis A, Doherty L, Landowski M, Buros C, Ghazvinian R, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Glader B, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Frameshift mutation in p53 regulator RPL26 is associated with multiple physical abnormalities and a specific pre-ribosomal RNA processing defect in diamond-blackfan anemia. Hum Mutat. 2012 Jul;33(7):1037-44. doi: 10.1002/humu.22081. Epub 2012 Apr 16. PMID:22431104 doi:10.1002/humu.22081
13. ↑ Farrar JE, Nater M, Caywood E, McDevitt MA, Kowalski J, Takemoto CM, Talbot CC Jr, Meltzer P, Esposito D, Beggs AH, Schneider HE, Grabowska A, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Sieff CA, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Ellis SR, Lipton JM, Gazda HT, Arceci RJ. Abnormalities of the large ribosomal subunit protein, Rpl35a, in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Blood. 2008 Sep 1;112(5):1582-92. Epub 2008 Jun 5. PMID:18535205 doi:blood-2008-02-140012
14. ↑ Klauck SM, Felder B, Kolb-Kokocinski A, Schuster C, Chiocchetti A, Schupp I, Wellenreuther R, Schmotzer G, Poustka F, Breitenbach-Koller L, Poustka A. Mutations in the ribosomal protein gene RPL10 suggest a novel modulating disease mechanism for autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;11(12):1073-84. Epub 2006 Aug 29. PMID:16940977 doi:4001883
15. ↑ Chiocchetti A, Pakalapati G, Duketis E, Wiemann S, Poustka A, Poustka F, Klauck SM. Mutation and expression analyses of the ribosomal protein gene RPL10 in an extended German sample of patients with autism spectrum disorder. Am J Med Genet A. 2011 Jun;155A(6):1472-5. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33977. Epub 2011, May 12. PMID:21567917 doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.33977
16. ↑ Doherty L, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Clinton C, Schneider HE, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Glader B, Arceci RJ, Farrar JE, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Gazda HT. Ribosomal protein genes RPS10 and RPS26 are commonly mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Feb 12;86(2):222-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.015. Epub, 2010 Jan 28. PMID:20116044 doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.015
17. ↑ Gazda HT, Grabowska A, Merida-Long LB, Latawiec E, Schneider HE, Lipton JM, Vlachos A, Atsidaftos E, Ball SE, Orfali KA, Niewiadomska E, Da Costa L, Tchernia G, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Stahl J, Schratt G, Glader B, Backer K, Wong C, Nathan DG, Beggs AH, Sieff CA. Ribosomal protein S24 gene is mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 Dec;79(6):1110-8. Epub 2006 Nov 2. PMID:17186470 doi:10.1086/510020
18. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
19. ↑ Cmejla R, Cmejlova J, Handrkova H, Petrak J, Petrtylova K, Mihal V, Stary J, Cerna Z, Jabali Y, Pospisilova D. Identification of mutations in the ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) and ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11) genes in Czech patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Hum Mutat. 2009 Mar;30(3):321-7. doi: 10.1002/humu.20874. PMID:19191325 doi:10.1002/humu.20874
20. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
21. ↑ Cmejla R, Cmejlova J, Handrkova H, Petrak J, Petrtylova K, Mihal V, Stary J, Cerna Z, Jabali Y, Pospisilova D. Identification of mutations in the ribosomal protein L5 (RPL5) and ribosomal protein L11 (RPL11) genes in Czech patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Hum Mutat. 2009 Mar;30(3):321-7. doi: 10.1002/humu.20874. PMID:19191325 doi:10.1002/humu.20874
22. ↑ Cmejla R, Cmejlova J, Handrkova H, Petrak J, Pospisilova D. Ribosomal protein S17 gene (RPS17) is mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Hum Mutat. 2007 Dec;28(12):1178-82. PMID:17647292 doi:10.1002/humu.20608
23. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
24. ↑ Doherty L, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Clinton C, Schneider HE, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Glader B, Arceci RJ, Farrar JE, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Gazda HT. Ribosomal protein genes RPS10 and RPS26 are commonly mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia. Am J Hum Genet. 2010 Feb 12;86(2):222-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.015. Epub, 2010 Jan 28. PMID:20116044 doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.12.015
25. ↑ Gazda HT, Sheen MR, Vlachos A, Choesmel V, O'Donohue MF, Schneider H, Darras N, Hasman C, Sieff CA, Newburger PE, Ball SE, Niewiadomska E, Matysiak M, Zaucha JM, Glader B, Niemeyer C, Meerpohl JJ, Atsidaftos E, Lipton JM, Gleizes PE, Beggs AH. Ribosomal protein L5 and L11 mutations are associated with cleft palate and abnormal thumbs in Diamond-Blackfan anemia patients. Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):769-80. PMID:19061985 doi:S0002-9297(08)00589-2
26. ↑ Mazumder B, Sampath P, Seshadri V, Maitra RK, DiCorleto PE, Fox PL. Regulated release of L13a from the 60S ribosomal subunit as a mechanism of transcript-specific translational control. Cell. 2003 Oct 17;115(2):187-98. PMID:14567916
27. ↑ Kapasi P, Chaudhuri S, Vyas K, Baus D, Komar AA, Fox PL, Merrick WC, Mazumder B. L13a blocks 48S assembly: role of a general initiation factor in mRNA-specific translational control. Mol Cell. 2007 Jan 12;25(1):113-26. PMID:17218275 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.11.028
28. ↑ Chaudhuri S, Vyas K, Kapasi P, Komar AA, Dinman JD, Barik S, Mazumder B. Human ribosomal protein L13a is dispensable for canonical ribosome function but indispensable for efficient rRNA methylation. RNA. 2007 Dec;13(12):2224-37. Epub 2007 Oct 5. PMID:17921318 doi:10.1261/rna.694007
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30. ↑ Flygare J, Aspesi A, Bailey JC, Miyake K, Caffrey JM, Karlsson S, Ellis SR. Human RPS19, the gene mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia, encodes a ribosomal protein required for the maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits. Blood. 2007 Feb 1;109(3):980-6. Epub 2006 Sep 21. PMID:16990592 doi:blood-2006-07-038232
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33. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
34. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
35. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
36. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
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62. ↑ Chang BY, Conroy KB, Machleder EM, Cartwright CA. RACK1, a receptor for activated C kinase and a homolog of the beta subunit of G proteins, inhibits activity of src tyrosine kinases and growth of NIH 3T3 cells. Mol Cell Biol. 1998 Jun;18(6):3245-56. PMID:9584165
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64. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
65. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
66. ↑ Huang F, Kirkpatrick D, Jiang X, Gygi S, Sorkin A. Differential regulation of EGF receptor internalization and degradation by multiubiquitination within the kinase domain. Mol Cell. 2006 Mar 17;21(6):737-48. PMID:16543144 doi:S1097-2765(06)00120-1
67. ↑ Komander D. The emerging complexity of protein ubiquitination. Biochem Soc Trans. 2009 Oct;37(Pt 5):937-53. doi: 10.1042/BST0370937. PMID:19754430 doi:10.1042/BST0370937
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