User:Oluwapeluwa Sangoseni/Sandbox 1

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== Overview ==
== Overview ==
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Thrombin is one of the many essential molecules that our body produces and uses to consistently maintain homeostasis. It is a serine protease that acts as both a procoagulant and an anticoagulant, and is essential for blood clot formation, among other functions, such as causing inflammation, repairing tissue, and forming new blood vessels (1).As a procoagulant, in order to promote blood clotting, thrombin cleaves fibrinogen, a soluble protein that can be found in blood plasma, to produce fibrin. Fibrin is an insoluble protein that can be used, with the addition of aggregated platelets (which are also activated by thrombin), to form blood clots by creating meshesthat stop the flow of blood. This is important to prevent the loss of too much blood in the event of an injury that ruptures or damages blood vessels. Thrombin can also induce the coagulation pathway to produce more thrombin by activation of factor XI, and cofactors V and VIII (1). As said before, it also acts as a regulatory anticoagulant by binding to thrombomodulin. Thrombomodulin is a receptor glycoprotein found on the surface of the membranes of endothelial cells, and when thrombin binds to it, it activates the protein C pathway to start a process known as fibrinolysis, which breaks down fibrin and destroys blood clots (2). This is required to prevent excessive blood clotting, which would be problematic as required blood flow may be impeded. Thrombin also regulates fibrinolysis by activating carboxypeptidase B2, also known as thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. With this wide array of necessary functions, thrombin is a very important enzyme for maintenance of our bodies.
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Thrombin is one of the many essential molecules that our body produces and uses to consistently maintain homeostasis. It is a serine protease that acts as both a procoagulant and an anticoagulant, and is essential for blood clot formation, among other functions, such as causing inflammation, repairing tissue, and forming new blood vessels (1)<ref>Le Bonniec, B. F., &Walenga, J. M. (n.d.). Thrombin. Retrieved March 22, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/thrombin</ref>.As a procoagulant, in order to promote blood clotting, thrombin cleaves fibrinogen, a soluble protein that can be found in blood plasma, to produce fibrin. Fibrin is an insoluble protein that can be used, with the addition of aggregated platelets (which are also activated by thrombin), to form blood clots by creating meshesthat stop the flow of blood. This is important to prevent the loss of too much blood in the event of an injury that ruptures or damages blood vessels. Thrombin can also induce the coagulation pathway to produce more thrombin by activation of factor XI, and cofactors V and VIII (1). As said before, it also acts as a regulatory anticoagulant by binding to thrombomodulin. Thrombomodulin is a receptor glycoprotein found on the surface of the membranes of endothelial cells, and when thrombin binds to it, it activates the protein C pathway to start a process known as fibrinolysis, which breaks down fibrin and destroys blood clots (2). This is required to prevent excessive blood clotting, which would be problematic as required blood flow may be impeded. Thrombin also regulates fibrinolysis by activating carboxypeptidase B2, also known as thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor. With this wide array of necessary functions, thrombin is a very important enzyme for maintenance of our bodies.
== Function and Structure ==
== Function and Structure ==

Revision as of 02:18, 28 April 2020

6P9U, Crystal Structure of Human Thrombin Mutant W215A

6P9U, resolution 3.38Å

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

  1. Hanson, R. M., Prilusky, J., Renjian, Z., Nakane, T. and Sussman, J. L. (2013), JSmol and the Next-Generation Web-Based Representation of 3D Molecular Structure as Applied to Proteopedia. Isr. J. Chem., 53:207-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201300024
  2. Herraez A. Biomolecules in the computer: Jmol to the rescue. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2006 Jul;34(4):255-61. doi: 10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644. PMID:21638687 doi:10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644
  3. Le Bonniec, B. F., &Walenga, J. M. (n.d.). Thrombin. Retrieved March 22, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/thrombin

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Oluwapeluwa Sangoseni

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