User:Allie Pointer/Pointer Sandbox 2
From Proteopedia
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== Background == | == Background == | ||
| - | Interleukin-12 also known as <scene name=' | + | Interleukin-12 also known as <scene name='84/843022/Il-12/1'>IL-12</scene>. There are different cells including macrophages, some B cells, and neutrophils that produce IL-12 to generate immunity to pathogens. It can also stimulate the proliferation of natural killer cells, which kills cells in someone’s body that has been affected by a pathogen, and T cells. IL-12 is also a heterodimeric glycoprotein. In IL-12 there are two subunits that are di-sulfide linked. That di-sulfide bonds in not necessary for the formation of IL-12. It is also not necessary for the secretion of IL-12, but the di-sulfide bonds help to stabilize the subunits. There have been studies done to see its affects for immunotherapy |
== What it is == | == What it is == | ||
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To increase the production of IL-12 it can be done through priming or amplification. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> In priming when it binds to a ligand and goes through the toll like receptors it allows more IL-12 to pass through faster. Amplification happens through a cytokine network where different cytokines are secreted through different cells. | To increase the production of IL-12 it can be done through priming or amplification. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> In priming when it binds to a ligand and goes through the toll like receptors it allows more IL-12 to pass through faster. Amplification happens through a cytokine network where different cytokines are secreted through different cells. | ||
| - | IL-12 has many actions. One action is stimulating the growth and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. They also convert th0 cells into th1 cells by activating specific transcription factors. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> IL-12 also stimulated the production of '' | + | IL-12 has many actions. One action is stimulating the growth and cytotoxicity of natural killer cells. They also convert th0 cells into th1 cells by activating specific transcription factors. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> IL-12 also stimulated the production of <scene name='84/843022/Interferon/1'>interferon gamma</scene> which is another type of cytokine used in innate and adaptive immunity. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Interferon gamma is secreted by t cells and natural killer cells also it promotes macrophage activation meaning it helps more macrophages to be activated so it can eat bacteria, viruses, and fungi. <ref name="interferon">PMID:10688427</ref> IL-12 also helped to introduce IgG and suppress IgE from B cells. IgG is the most common antibody released from plasma B cells and has two antigen binding sites. IgE is an antibody that is produced when your immune system reacts to an allergen. All those actions that IL-12 performs helps it with its antitumor effects. In animal studies IL-12 has been useful in tumor therapy. <ref name="immunotherapy" /> Its effectiveness is also increased when used with other therapeutic models. |
IL-12 is proinflammatory meaning it promotes inflammation which contributes in developing th1 cells from th0 cells. <ref name="family">PMID:22814351</ref> It also participates in a positive feed back loop. IL-12 causes interferon gamma production from t cells. That facilitated th1 differentiation. IL-12 also induced production of interferon gamma by natural killer cells. <ref name="family" /> Interferon gamma can be a part of the positive feed back loop because transcription factors are activated. In a study done on mice, if specific transcription factors are not expressed, there can be a defect in one or both subunits of IL-12. <ref name="cytokines">PMID:19275692 </ref> | IL-12 is proinflammatory meaning it promotes inflammation which contributes in developing th1 cells from th0 cells. <ref name="family">PMID:22814351</ref> It also participates in a positive feed back loop. IL-12 causes interferon gamma production from t cells. That facilitated th1 differentiation. IL-12 also induced production of interferon gamma by natural killer cells. <ref name="family" /> Interferon gamma can be a part of the positive feed back loop because transcription factors are activated. In a study done on mice, if specific transcription factors are not expressed, there can be a defect in one or both subunits of IL-12. <ref name="cytokines">PMID:19275692 </ref> | ||
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== IL-12 Family == | == IL-12 Family == | ||
| - | IL-12 is apart of the interleukin-12 family. The family consist of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35. <ref name="family" />They are all heterodimeric cytokines. They are structurally similar but all have very different biological activities. IL-23 also has two disulfide linked subunits. One subunit both IL-23 and IL-12 share is p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> IL-23's other subunit acts very similary to p35 in IL-12. That subunit is p19 and is doesn’t secrete much when not in the presence of p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> | + | IL-12 is apart of the interleukin-12 family. The family consist of IL-12, <scene name='84/843022/Il-23/1'>IL-23</scene>, IL-27, and IL-35. <ref name="family" />They are all heterodimeric cytokines. They are structurally similar but all have very different biological activities. IL-23 also has two disulfide linked subunits. One subunit both IL-23 and IL-12 share is p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> IL-23's other subunit acts very similary to p35 in IL-12. That subunit is p19 and is doesn’t secrete much when not in the presence of p40. <ref name="cytokines" /> |
== References == | == References == | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 01:11, 29 April 2020
Your Heading Here (maybe something like 'Structure')
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