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Factor XIII, also known as fibrin stimulating factor is a Zymogen found in he blood of humans along with some other animals. It is activated by Thrombin to Factor XIIIa which enables it to preform it's enzymatic functions of cross-linking fibrin as part of the coagulation cascade ^[1]. It was first detected in 1944 by Robbins. It is also known as the Laki-Lorand factor after Kalman Laki and Lazlo Lorand who proposed its existence in 1948. Factor XIII is a that consists of 2 enzymatic A peptides and 2 non-enzymatic B peptides.

Structural highlights

The fibrin stabilization factor is a heterotetramer that circulates throughout the blood plasma as a 320 kda molecule. It consists of a dimer of A subunits and a dimer of B subunits. The FXIIIA subunit is composed of 4 structural units: , core, , and barrel-2 domains. The A subunit has a 37 amino acid N-terminal activation peptide, this is cleaved by thrombin during FXIII activation to FXIIIa. The beta sandwhich consists of residues 38-184. The is the first 37 amino acids on the N-terminal of the A subunit^[2].

FXIIIB subunits are glycoproteins. The B subunit is made up of ten sushi domains. The domains which are each composed of approximately 60 amino acids. The B subunit is known to have a protective role, but recent research has suggested that there may be a regulatory role as well. The Sushi domain's variable length loop region is shown to have a hydrophobic interaction with the N-terminal activation region of the A subunit. The variable length loop region of the sushi-1 domain is electrostatically neutral. The Cab1 site is always exposed and therefore is bound by a calcium ion^[3].

is formed in the A subunit upon activation of molecule by calcium. It is the entry for the Q and K substrate to the binding site. It is formed by planar interactions of the Trp rings. The Cysteine is reactive in the binding pocket.

Function

Factor XIII is a tranglutaminase that circulates throughout the blood as a heterotetramer. The B subunits bind to the clot structure. When fibrin is present, thrombin cleaves the between the A and B subunits and the R37-G38 peptide bond in the A subunit that reveals it's active enzymatic region at the N-terminus. Calcium ions further activate the A subunits through a change in shape. The calcium ions additionally dissociate the non-covalently bound B subunits. The remaining dimer of two active A subunits, FactorXIIIa, crosslinks fibrin by forming isopeptide bonds between glutamines and lysines within the fibrin^[4]. The crosslinks make the clot more durable and more resistant to fibrinolysis due to premature enzymatic degradation. It additionally has been found to play a role in proper wound healing, carrying pregnancy to full term, and in the development of new blood vessels.

FXIIIa catalyzes the formation of Nε(y-glutamyl)lysine protein to protein side chain bridges within the clot network^[5]. Fibrin fibers become thinner and longer once stabilized by FXIIIa although this doe not affect the clot density in any way. The cross-linking dramatically increases the clot stability and resistance to degradation. There is a transamidation reaction between Gln and Lys residues of neighboring molecules^[6].

Disease

Factor XIII deficiency is a genetic bleeding disorder. It is an autosomal recessive disease. It is rare with Iran having the leading number of cases in the world. Individuals with this disorder form clots normally, however the clots are unstable and typically degrade which results in long bleeding episodes. Most phenotypical changes in factor XIII deficiency are caused by mutations in the A subunits.

The symptoms of Factor XIII deficiency vary but in 80% of cases appear after birth with a bleeding episode stemming from the umbilical stump. Bleeding can occur spontaneously or from various activities. Commonly associated symptoms include chronic nosebleeds, bleeding from the gums, discoloration of the skin, and hematomas. These individuals typically bruise easily and spontaneously. 30% of people experience spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages. In homozygous woman spontaneous recurrent miscarriages can occur.

In Class I cases, which constitute the majority of FXIII deficiency cases, there is virtually no thrombin dependent transamidase activity. In class 2 cases there has been a Val34Leu mutation in the A subunits. The class II mutation leads to a two-fold increase in FXIII. This mutation has shown to have protective effects against thrombotic disease in its population.

Evolution

Above is The A subunit fo FXIII shown with its conserved regions present in red and variable regions present in blue. Below is the coordinating sequence. As shown in the structure, a majority of the conserved region is located within the center of the molecule in the hydrophobic regions with variability present along the outside.

Relevant Links

Blood Coagulation Factors

Thrombin