| Structural highlights
Disease
[JAK2_HUMAN] Note=Chromosomal aberrations involving JAK2 are found in both chronic and acute forms of eosinophilic, lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia. Translocation t(8;9)(p22;p24) with PCM1 links the protein kinase domain of JAK2 to the major portion of PCM1. Translocation t(9;12)(p24;p13) with ETV6. Defects in JAK2 are a cause of susceptibility to Budd-Chiari syndrome (BDCHS) [MIM:600880]. A syndrome caused by obstruction of hepatic venous outflow involving either the hepatic veins or the terminal segment of the inferior vena cava. Obstructions are generally caused by thrombosis and lead to hepatic congestion and ischemic necrosis. Clinical manifestations observed in the majority of patients include hepatomegaly, right upper quadrant pain and abdominal ascites. Budd-Chiari syndrome is associated with a combination of disease states including primary myeloproliferative syndromes and thrombophilia due to factor V Leiden, protein C deficiency and antithrombin III deficiency. Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare but typical complication in patients with polycythemia vera. Defects in JAK2 are a cause of polycythemia vera (PV) [MIM:263300]. A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements, erythroid hyperplasia, an absolute increase in total blood volume, but also by myeloid leukocytosis, thrombocytosis and splenomegaly.[1] [2] [3] [4] Defects in JAK2 gene may be the cause of thrombocythemia type 3 (THCYT3) [MIM:614521]. A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by elevated platelet levels due to sustained proliferation of megakaryocytes, and frequently lead to thrombotic and haemorrhagic complications.[5] [6] Defects in JAK2 are a cause of myelofibrosis (MYELOF) [MIM:254450]. Myelofibrosis is a disorder characterized by replacement of the bone marrow by fibrous tissue, occurring in association with a myeloproliferative disorder. Clinical manifestations may include anemia, pallor, splenomegaly, hypermetabolic state, petechiae, ecchymosis, bleeding, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, portal hypertension. Defects in JAK2 are a cause of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) [MIM:601626]. AML is a malignant disease in which hematopoietic precursors are arrested in an early stage of development.[7] [EPOR_HUMAN] Defects in EPOR are the cause of familial erythrocytosis type 1 (ECYT1) [MIM:133100]. ECYT1 is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by increased serum red blood cell mass, elevated hemoglobin and hematocrit, hypersensitivity of erythroid progenitors to erythropoietin, erythropoietin low serum levels, and no increase in platelets nor leukocytes. It has a relatively benign course and does not progress to leukemia.[8] [9] [10]
Function
[JAK2_HUMAN] Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. Mediates essential signaling events in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the cytoplasm, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction via its association with type I receptors such as growth hormone (GHR), prolactin (PRLR), leptin (LEPR), erythropoietin (EPOR), thrombopoietin (THPO); or type II receptors including IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, IFN-gamma and multiple interleukins. Following ligand-binding to cell surface receptors, phosphorylates specific tyrosine residues on the cytoplasmic tails of the receptor, creating docking sites for STATs proteins. Subsequently, phosphorylates the STATs proteins once they are recruited to the receptor. Phosphorylated STATs then form homodimer or heterodimers and translocate to the nucleus to activate gene transcription. For example, cell stimulation with erythropoietin (EPO) during erythropoiesis leads to JAK2 autophosphorylation, activation, and its association with erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) that becomes phosphorylated in its cytoplasmic domain. Then, STAT5 (STAT5A or STAT5B) is recruited, phosphorylated and activated by JAK2. Once activated, dimerized STAT5 translocates into the nucleus and promotes the transcription of several essential genes involved in the modulation of erythropoiesis. In addition, JAK2 mediates angiotensin-2-induced ARHGEF1 phosphorylation. Plays a role in cell cycle by phosphorylating CDKN1B. Cooperates with TEC through reciprocal phosphorylation to mediate cytokine-driven activation of FOS transcription. In the nucleus, plays a key role in chromatin by specifically mediating phosphorylation of 'Tyr-41' of histone H3 (H3Y41ph), a specific tag that promotes exclusion of CBX5 (HP1 alpha) from chromatin.[11] [12] [13] [14] [EPOR_HUMAN] Receptor for erythropoietin. Mediates erythropoietin-induced erythroblast proliferation and differentiation. Upon EPO stimulation, EPOR dimerizes triggering the JAK2/STAT5 signaling cascade. In some cell types, can also activate STAT1 and STAT3. May also activate the LYN tyrosine kinase. Isoform EPOR-T acts as a dominant-negative receptor of EPOR-mediated signaling.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Cytokines and interferons initiate intracellular signaling via receptor dimerization and activation of Janus kinases (JAKs). How JAKs structurally respond to changes in receptor conformation induced by ligand binding is not known. Here, we present two crystal structures of the human JAK2 FERM and SH2 domains bound to Leptin receptor (LEPR) and Erythropoietin receptor (EPOR), which identify a novel dimeric conformation for JAK2. This 2:2 JAK2/receptor dimer, observed in both structures, identifies a previously uncharacterized receptor interaction essential to dimer formation that is mediated by a membrane-proximal peptide motif called the 'switch' region. Mutation of the receptor switch region disrupts STAT phosphorylation but does not affect JAK2 binding, indicating that receptor-mediated formation of the JAK2 FERM dimer is required for kinase activation. These data uncover the structural and molecular basis for how a cytokine-bound active receptor dimer brings together two JAK2 molecules to stimulate JAK2 kinase activity.
Receptor-mediated dimerization of JAK2 FERM domains is required for JAK2 activation.,Ferrao RD, Wallweber HJ, Lupardus PJ Elife. 2018 Jul 25;7. pii: 38089. doi: 10.7554/eLife.38089. PMID:30044226[15]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Baxter EJ, Scott LM, Campbell PJ, East C, Fourouclas N, Swanton S, Vassiliou GS, Bench AJ, Boyd EM, Curtin N, Scott MA, Erber WN, Green AR. Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders. Lancet. 2005 Mar 19-25;365(9464):1054-61. PMID:15781101 doi:S0140-6736(05)71142-9
- ↑ James C, Ugo V, Le Couedic JP, Staerk J, Delhommeau F, Lacout C, Garcon L, Raslova H, Berger R, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Villeval JL, Constantinescu SN, Casadevall N, Vainchenker W. A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera. Nature. 2005 Apr 28;434(7037):1144-8. PMID:15793561 doi:10.1038/nature03546
- ↑ Kralovics R, Passamonti F, Buser AS, Teo SS, Tiedt R, Passweg JR, Tichelli A, Cazzola M, Skoda RC. A gain-of-function mutation of JAK2 in myeloproliferative disorders. N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 28;352(17):1779-90. PMID:15858187 doi:352/17/1779
- ↑ Jamieson CH, Gotlib J, Durocher JA, Chao MP, Mariappan MR, Lay M, Jones C, Zehnder JL, Lilleberg SL, Weissman IL. The JAK2 V617F mutation occurs in hematopoietic stem cells in polycythemia vera and predisposes toward erythroid differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Apr 18;103(16):6224-9. Epub 2006 Apr 7. PMID:16603627 doi:0601462103
- ↑ Campbell PJ, Scott LM, Buck G, Wheatley K, East CL, Marsden JT, Duffy A, Boyd EM, Bench AJ, Scott MA, Vassiliou GS, Milligan DW, Smith SR, Erber WN, Bareford D, Wilkins BS, Reilly JT, Harrison CN, Green AR. Definition of subtypes of essential thrombocythaemia and relation to polycythaemia vera based on JAK2 V617F mutation status: a prospective study. Lancet. 2005 Dec 3;366(9501):1945-53. PMID:16325696 doi:S0140-6736(05)67785-9
- ↑ Mead AJ, Rugless MJ, Jacobsen SE, Schuh A. Germline JAK2 mutation in a family with hereditary thrombocytosis. N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 8;366(10):967-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1200349. PMID:22397670 doi:10.1056/NEJMc1200349
- ↑ Lee JW, Kim YG, Soung YH, Han KJ, Kim SY, Rhim HS, Min WS, Nam SW, Park WS, Lee JY, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. The JAK2 V617F mutation in de novo acute myelogenous leukemias. Oncogene. 2006 Mar 2;25(9):1434-6. PMID:16247455 doi:1209163
- ↑ de la Chapelle A, Traskelin AL, Juvonen E. Truncated erythropoietin receptor causes dominantly inherited benign human erythrocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 May 15;90(10):4495-9. PMID:8506290
- ↑ Sokol L, Prchal JF, D'Andrea A, Rado TA, Prchal JT. Mutation in the negative regulatory element of the erythropoietin receptor gene in a case of sporadic primary polycythemia. Exp Hematol. 1994 May;22(5):447-53. PMID:8174675
- ↑ Le Couedic JP, Mitjavila MT, Villeval JL, Feger F, Gobert S, Mayeux P, Casadevall N, Vainchenker W. Missense mutation of the erythropoietin receptor is a rare event in human erythroid malignancies. Blood. 1996 Feb 15;87(4):1502-11. PMID:8608241
- ↑ Parham C, Chirica M, Timans J, Vaisberg E, Travis M, Cheung J, Pflanz S, Zhang R, Singh KP, Vega F, To W, Wagner J, O'Farrell AM, McClanahan T, Zurawski S, Hannum C, Gorman D, Rennick DM, Kastelein RA, de Waal Malefyt R, Moore KW. A receptor for the heterodimeric cytokine IL-23 is composed of IL-12Rbeta1 and a novel cytokine receptor subunit, IL-23R. J Immunol. 2002 Jun 1;168(11):5699-708. PMID:12023369
- ↑ Dawson MA, Bannister AJ, Gottgens B, Foster SD, Bartke T, Green AR, Kouzarides T. JAK2 phosphorylates histone H3Y41 and excludes HP1alpha from chromatin. Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):819-22. doi: 10.1038/nature08448. Epub 2009 Sep 27. PMID:19783980 doi:10.1038/nature08448
- ↑ Guilluy C, Bregeon J, Toumaniantz G, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Retailleau K, Loufrani L, Henrion D, Scalbert E, Bril A, Torres RM, Offermanns S, Pacaud P, Loirand G. The Rho exchange factor Arhgef1 mediates the effects of angiotensin II on vascular tone and blood pressure. Nat Med. 2010 Feb;16(2):183-90. doi: 10.1038/nm.2079. Epub 2010 Jan 24. PMID:20098430 doi:10.1038/nm.2079
- ↑ Jakel H, Weinl C, Hengst L. Phosphorylation of p27Kip1 by JAK2 directly links cytokine receptor signaling to cell cycle control. Oncogene. 2011 Aug 11;30(32):3502-12. doi: 10.1038/onc.2011.68. Epub 2011 Mar 21. PMID:21423214 doi:10.1038/onc.2011.68
- ↑ Ferrao RD, Wallweber HJ, Lupardus PJ. Receptor-mediated dimerization of JAK2 FERM domains is required for JAK2 activation. Elife. 2018 Jul 25;7. pii: 38089. doi: 10.7554/eLife.38089. PMID:30044226 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38089
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