Sandbox GGC6

==Fibrinogen==

 

Fibrinogen ( factor I) is a plasma glycoprotein in the liver, that is important for proper blood clot formication. Fibrinogen is also synthesized in hepatic tissues.

 

Fibrinogen is composed of three pairs of polypeptide chains: alpha, beta, and gamma <ref>PMID: 28101869</ref>

 

protease thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into monomers. The formation of monomers, fibrinogen beta, and fibrinogen alpha is insoluble fibrin matrix. fibrin works as a binding or trapping agent in the coagulation process, which creates blood clot.

For small wounds, the polymerized fibrin with platelets forms a hemostatic plug over the wounds site. Fibrin is also anti inflammatory which it protects against IFNG- mediated hemorrhage.

Afibrinogenemic pregnant patients will result in spontaneous miscarriage. Fibrinogen supplemental will allow the patients to sustain the pregnancy, therefore, maternal fibrinogen plays a important role for successful pregnancy.<ref>PMID: 16026273</ref>

'''Congenital afibrinogenemia (CAFBN)'''

This is an inherited blood disorder where the blood does not clot normally. This disease is caused when fibrinogen is totally absent . Changing in position Arg-35 when Thrombin cleaves the site of Fibrinopeptide leads to alpha- Dysfibrinogenemias. <ref>doi: 10.1160/TH14-07-0629</ref>

Nosebleeds, bleeding from the gums and tongue are commons after a minor trauma for people with this disease. bleedings in the brain and internal organs can occur for affected individuals which can lead to be fatal. However, it's rare. Women with this disease can experience an abnormal heavy menstrual bleeding, they could also have a difficult time carrying a pregnancy, and could result in miscarriages. Newborn with this disease can experience bleeding from the umbilical cord stump after birth. The treatment for this disease includes cryoprecipitate, fibrinogen, and plasma (contains clotting factors). <ref>PMID: 19598064</ref>

'''Amyloidosis 8 (AMYL8)'''

This is hereditary disease which insoluble amyloid proteins deposits in body tissues and organs. This tends to abnormal protein build-up and leads to damaged organs and deaths. The disease is caused by a mutation fibrinogen alpha chain.<ref>PMID: 23227278</ref>

This disease does not show symptoms at first stage. when it gets relatively advanced, the symptoms can be lack of appetite, weight loss, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, etc. Due to abnormal protein build-up in body organs, organs can be affected such as heart, liver, kidney, skin, etc. This leads to cardiomyopathy, liver failure, skin rash, nephrotic syndrome. However, nervous system is not affected. There is no treatment for this disease <ref> PMID: 8097946 </ref>.

'''Congenital Dysfibrinogenemia'''.

This is either inherited or acquired disorder caused by having abnormal form of fibrinogen. the level of fibrinogen is normal, but the protein doesnt not function properly. This leads to an abnormal blood clot formation; it could be increase or decrease ability to clot. Acquired dysfibrinogenemia is more common and associated with liver disease such as hepatitis, liver tumors.

Most of people with this disease have no symptoms and do not need a treatment. <ref> PMID: 25320241 </ref>

 

 

 

 

 

== '''Structural highlights''' ==

 

This is a <scene name='78/781192/Hydrophobic_and_polar/3'>hydrophilic and hydrophobic</scene> structure. <ref>doi.org/10.1007/BF01024625(/ref>