Sandbox GGC2

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Function

falls under the protein category of a kinase. A kinase is a protein that is responsible for the modification of a molecule through the covalent addition of the phosphate group. The source of the phosphate group is . Human Hexokinase 1 catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexose sugars, primarily to form Glucose-6-Phosphate. This is typically observed during the initial step of glycolysis and is performed in order to attach a charge to the glucose, preventing it from diffusing out of the cell through the cell membrane. Typically, a cofactor also participates in a chelation complex with ATP^[3].

Human Hexokinase 1 is also seen to have a function in both innate immunity and inflammation in which the protein acts as a pattern recognition receptor for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a hexose present in the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Upon binding to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, Human Hexokinase 1 dissociates from the mitochondria, which results in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome^[4].

Disease

There are multiple diseases associated with Human Hexokinase 1. It is possible for illness to arise from a deficiency in the protein. A deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disease in which the and residues in the 529 and the 680 positions are mutated and translated as a Serine. This disease results in nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia^[5].

Further, diseases of (REWORD THIS) Human Hexokinase can also result in diseases that affect the nervous system. A nervous system disease associated with the protein is neuropathy, hereditary motor and sensory, Russe type (HMSNR), also known as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Laboratory studies suggest that this disease is caused by a mutation in a 26 kb range in upstream exons in the Human Hexokinase 1 gene. HMSNR is also autosomal recessive and is usually apparent in the first 10 years of life, characterized by muscular atrophy and impairment in the distal lower limbs. This weakness and atrophy results in those affected by the disease experiencing difficulty walking. HMSNR can later develop into weakness in the distal upper limbs and the proximal lower limbs. It is suspected that this disease is a result of demyelination of the neuronal axon which in turn has negative effects on neuron action potential velocity^[6]. Another nervous system disease involving

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Structural highlights

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