Sandbox GGC5

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== Background Information==
== Background Information==
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There are several classes of antibiotics, including cephalosporin and penicillin <ref>doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002</ref>. Some common examples of specific drugs in these classes include cefazolin, cefadroxil, penicillin, ampicillin, and methicillin <ref>doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002</ref>. These antibiotics function by preventing bacteria from forming their cell wall, regardless if the bacteria are gram positive or gram negative <ref>doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002</ref>. These antibiotics all contain a beta-lactam ring <ref></ref>.
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There are several classes of antibiotics, including cephalosporin and penicillin <ref>doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002</ref>. Some common examples of specific drugs in these classes include cefazolin, cefadroxil, penicillin, ampicillin, and methicillin <ref>doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002</ref>. These antibiotics function by preventing bacteria from forming their cell wall, regardless if the bacteria are gram positive or gram negative <ref>doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002</ref>. These antibiotics all contain a beta-lactam ring <ref>https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030102i</ref>.
Inside of the gram positive or gram negative bacteria, there is a protein called the penicillin binding protein. The penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) are what help the peptidoglycan walls to form by linking NAG and NAM chains together. The beta-lactam ring fits particularly well into the PBP, which is how antibiotics like penicillin prevent bacteria from synthesizing its cell wall.
Inside of the gram positive or gram negative bacteria, there is a protein called the penicillin binding protein. The penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) are what help the peptidoglycan walls to form by linking NAG and NAM chains together. The beta-lactam ring fits particularly well into the PBP, which is how antibiotics like penicillin prevent bacteria from synthesizing its cell wall.
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== Beta Lactamase in Humans (PDB: 3ZWF) ==
== Beta Lactamase in Humans (PDB: 3ZWF) ==
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In order to make mature tRNAs, first they have to be processed <ref></ref>. The enzyme that does tRNA processing is called TRNase Z. In humans, the form of beta lactamase formed uses a zinc-dependent mechanism, noted as metallo-beta lactamase <ref>DOI: 10.1080/10409230701279118</ref>. These enzymes in humans function to regulate nuclear activity, providing exo and endonuclease activity.
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In order to make mature tRNAs, first they have to be processed <ref>https://doi.org/10.1101/575373</ref>. The enzyme that does tRNA processing is called TRNase Z. In humans, the form of beta lactamase formed uses a zinc-dependent mechanism, noted as metallo-beta lactamase <ref>DOI: 10.1080/10409230701279118</ref>. These enzymes in humans function to regulate nuclear activity, providing exo and endonuclease activity.
== Structural highlights ==
== Structural highlights ==
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== Disease ==
== Disease ==
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If there are mutations in the tRNase Z metallo-beta lactamases, these enzymes have been implicated in several diseases including prostate cancer <ref>DOI: 10.1080/10409230701279118</ref>. While there is still much to learn about how these lactamases work inter-connectedly with other enzymes, research suggests that metallo-beta lactamases function as cleavage and polyadenylation factors <ref></ref>.
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If there are mutations in the tRNase Z metallo-beta lactamases, these enzymes have been implicated in several diseases including prostate cancer <ref>DOI: 10.1080/10409230701279118</ref>. While there is still much to learn about how these lactamases work inter-connectedly with other enzymes, research suggests that metallo-beta lactamases function as cleavage and polyadenylation factors <ref>https://doi.org/10.1101/575373</ref>.

Revision as of 15:26, 28 April 2021

Contents

Beta Lactamase

Caption for this structure

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Disease

If there are mutations in the tRNase Z metallo-beta lactamases, these enzymes have been implicated in several diseases including prostate cancer [16]. While there is still much to learn about how these lactamases work inter-connectedly with other enzymes, research suggests that metallo-beta lactamases function as cleavage and polyadenylation factors [17].


Evolutionary Considerations

Beta Lactamase protein structure is highly conserved across both prokaryotes and eukaryotes [18]. Their presence indicates that these proteins are highly adaptable, with a wide range of substrates [19]. The highly conserved nature of this structure suggests that the genetic material for beta lactamase is ancient in origin [20]. They have found early beta lactamases in deep sea sediment, before the first antibiotic was ever encountered.


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References

  1. ↑ Hanson, R. M., Prilusky, J., Renjian, Z., Nakane, T. and Sussman, J. L. (2013), JSmol and the Next-Generation Web-Based Representation of 3D Molecular Structure as Applied to Proteopedia. Isr. J. Chem., 53:207-216. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201300024
  2. ↑ Herraez A. Biomolecules in the computer: Jmol to the rescue. Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2006 Jul;34(4):255-61. doi: 10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644. PMID:21638687 doi:10.1002/bmb.2006.494034042644
  3. ↑ Tooke CL, Hinchliffe P, Bragginton EC, Colenso CK, Hirvonen VHA, Takebayashi Y, Spencer J. beta-Lactamases and beta-Lactamase Inhibitors in the 21st Century. J Mol Biol. 2019 Aug 23;431(18):3472-3500. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002. Epub, 2019 Apr 5. PMID:30959050 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002
  4. ↑ Tooke CL, Hinchliffe P, Bragginton EC, Colenso CK, Hirvonen VHA, Takebayashi Y, Spencer J. beta-Lactamases and beta-Lactamase Inhibitors in the 21st Century. J Mol Biol. 2019 Aug 23;431(18):3472-3500. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002. Epub, 2019 Apr 5. PMID:30959050 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002
  5. ↑ Tooke CL, Hinchliffe P, Bragginton EC, Colenso CK, Hirvonen VHA, Takebayashi Y, Spencer J. beta-Lactamases and beta-Lactamase Inhibitors in the 21st Century. J Mol Biol. 2019 Aug 23;431(18):3472-3500. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002. Epub, 2019 Apr 5. PMID:30959050 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.002
  6. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030102i
  7. ↑ Dominski Z. Nucleases of the metallo-beta-lactamase family and their role in DNA and RNA metabolism. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Mar-Apr;42(2):67-93. doi:, 10.1080/10409230701279118. PMID:17453916 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10409230701279118
  8. ↑ doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2210/pdb3ZWF/pdb
  9. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1101/575373
  10. ↑ Dominski Z. Nucleases of the metallo-beta-lactamase family and their role in DNA and RNA metabolism. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Mar-Apr;42(2):67-93. doi:, 10.1080/10409230701279118. PMID:17453916 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10409230701279118
  11. ↑ doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2210/pdb3ZWF/pdb
  12. ↑ doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2210/pdb3ZWF/pdb
  13. ↑ doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2210/pdb3ZWF/pdb
  14. ↑ doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2210/pdb3ZWF/pdb
  15. ↑ doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2210/pdb3ZWF/pdb
  16. ↑ Dominski Z. Nucleases of the metallo-beta-lactamase family and their role in DNA and RNA metabolism. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Mar-Apr;42(2):67-93. doi:, 10.1080/10409230701279118. PMID:17453916 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10409230701279118
  17. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1101/575373
  18. ↑ doi: https://dx.doi.org/https
  19. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1101/575373
  20. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1101/575373
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