Neuromodulators
From Proteopedia
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<StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='47/475982/Cv/1' caption='Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with the antagonist eticlopride and maltose, [[3pbl]]'> | <StructureSection load='' size='350' side='right' scene='47/475982/Cv/1' caption='Structure of the human dopamine D3 receptor in complex with the antagonist eticlopride and maltose, [[3pbl]]'> | ||
| - | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation| Neuromodulation] is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. A neuromodulator can be conceptualized as a [[neurotransmitter]] that is not reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron or broken down into a metabolite. Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, [[G-protein coupled receptors]] (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This modulation can last for hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. Some of the effects of neuromodulators include: alter intrinsic firing activity, increase or decrease voltage-dependent currents, alter synaptic efficacy, increase bursting activity and reconfiguration of synaptic connectivity. | + | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation| Neuromodulation] is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons. '''A neuromodulator can be conceptualized as a [[neurotransmitter]] that is not reabsorbed by the pre-synaptic neuron or broken down into a metabolite.''' Neuromodulators typically bind to metabotropic, [[G-protein coupled receptors]] (GPCRs) to initiate a second messenger signaling cascade that induces a broad, long-lasting signal. This modulation can last for hundreds of milliseconds to several minutes. Some of the effects of neuromodulators include: alter intrinsic firing activity, increase or decrease voltage-dependent currents, alter synaptic efficacy, increase bursting activity and reconfiguration of synaptic connectivity. |
Major neuromodulators in the central nervous system include: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, and several neuropeptides. Cannabinoids can also be powerful CNS neuromodulators. | Major neuromodulators in the central nervous system include: dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, norepinephrine, nitric oxide, and several neuropeptides. Cannabinoids can also be powerful CNS neuromodulators. | ||
Revision as of 12:05, 2 January 2022
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References
- ↑ Martin JL, Begun J, McLeish MJ, Caine JM, Grunewald GL. Getting the adrenaline going: crystal structure of the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme PNMT. Structure. 2001 Oct;9(10):977-85. PMID:11591352
- ↑ Huang J, Chen S, Zhang JJ, Huang XY. Crystal structure of oligomeric beta1-adrenergic G protein-coupled receptors in ligand-free basal state. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2013 Apr;20(4):419-25. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.2504. Epub 2013 Feb, 24. PMID:23435379 doi:10.1038/nsmb.2504
