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== Disease ==
== Disease ==
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It is well understood that the Notch receptors plays an important role in cancer development in mammals and changes the activity of these receptors which dysfunction can be associated with various benign and malignant diseases such as [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6142501/ T-ALL (T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia)]. T-ALL is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of T-cell [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoblast lymphoblasts] in the blood, the brown marrow and the tissues. These oncogenic mechanisms of the ''Notch'' receptors are dependant on its intracelluclar signaling. Therefore, in order to understand how the cancer develops due to these receptors, it is necessary to understand the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway Notch pathway].
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It is well understood that the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_proteins Notch] receptors plays an important role in cancer development in mammals and changes the activity of these receptors which dysfunction can be associated with various benign and malignant diseases such as [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6142501/ T-ALL (T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia)]. T-ALL is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of T-cell [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoblast lymphoblasts] in the blood, the brown marrow and the tissues. These oncogenic mechanisms of the ''Notch'' receptors are dependant on its intracelluclar signaling. Therefore, in order to understand how the cancer develops due to these receptors, it is necessary to understand the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway Notch pathway].
As an example, the target genes in the pathway of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_3 NOTCH3] or other subtypes of the ''Notch'' receptors are expressed by a variety of translocation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification post-translational modifications] and activation of ligands associated to it. Following translation, Furin-like convertase modifies the ''Notch'' receptor by proteolytic cleavage at site 1 (S1) and transported to the cell surface held together by the <scene name='86/868190/Hd/1'>heterodimerization (HD) domain</scene>. The ''Notch'' receptor on the signal‐receiving cell binds to a ligand on the cell surface of a neighboring signal‐sending cell, causing it to get activated. This binding causes a change in the conformation of the receptor. <scene name='86/868190/S2_domaintrue/5'>Site 2</scene>, present within the <scene name='86/868190/Nrr_domain_alonecentre/2'>negative regulatory region (NRR) domain</scene>, is thus exposed for cleavage by a disintegrin and metalloprotease ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM_(protein) ADAM]). Notch cleavage at <scene name='86/868190/S2_domaintrue/5'>S2</scene> generates the membrane‐anchored Notch extracellular truncation (NEXT) fragment, a substrate for the γ‐secretase complex. Thus, the ''Notch'' receptor is cleaved by the γ-secretase complex. Following γ-secretase cleavage, the intracellular domain (ICD) of NOTCH3 translocates to the nucleus where it interacts with the DNA-binding factor [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q06330 RPBJ] and co-activators of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAML1 mastermind-like (MAML)] family to form a transcriptional activation complex. <ref>doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0677</ref>
As an example, the target genes in the pathway of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notch_3 NOTCH3] or other subtypes of the ''Notch'' receptors are expressed by a variety of translocation, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_modification post-translational modifications] and activation of ligands associated to it. Following translation, Furin-like convertase modifies the ''Notch'' receptor by proteolytic cleavage at site 1 (S1) and transported to the cell surface held together by the <scene name='86/868190/Hd/1'>heterodimerization (HD) domain</scene>. The ''Notch'' receptor on the signal‐receiving cell binds to a ligand on the cell surface of a neighboring signal‐sending cell, causing it to get activated. This binding causes a change in the conformation of the receptor. <scene name='86/868190/S2_domaintrue/5'>Site 2</scene>, present within the <scene name='86/868190/Nrr_domain_alonecentre/2'>negative regulatory region (NRR) domain</scene>, is thus exposed for cleavage by a disintegrin and metalloprotease ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM_(protein) ADAM]). Notch cleavage at <scene name='86/868190/S2_domaintrue/5'>S2</scene> generates the membrane‐anchored Notch extracellular truncation (NEXT) fragment, a substrate for the γ‐secretase complex. Thus, the ''Notch'' receptor is cleaved by the γ-secretase complex. Following γ-secretase cleavage, the intracellular domain (ICD) of NOTCH3 translocates to the nucleus where it interacts with the DNA-binding factor [https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q06330 RPBJ] and co-activators of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAML1 mastermind-like (MAML)] family to form a transcriptional activation complex. <ref>doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0677</ref>

Revision as of 22:22, 15 January 2022

Template:5CZX

Crystal structure of Notch3 NRR

Drag the structure with the mouse to rotate

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Bernasconi-Elias, P., Hu, T., Jenkins, D. et al. Characterization of activating mutations of NOTCH3 in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and anti-leukemic activity of NOTCH3 inhibitory antibodies. Oncogene 35, 6077–6086 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/onc.2016.133
  2. ↑ Guo Z, Ohlstein B. Stem cell regulation. Bidirectional Notch signaling regulates Drosophila intestinal stem cell multipotency. Science. 2015 Nov 20;350(6263). pii: 350/6263/aab0988. doi:, 10.1126/science.aab0988. PMID:26586765 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0988
  3. ↑ Callahan R, Smith GH. MMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis: gene discovery, progression to malignancy and cellular pathways. Oncogene. 2000 Feb 21;19(8):992-1001. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203276. PMID:10713682 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1203276
  4. ↑ Aburjania Z, Jang S, Whitt J, Jaskula-Stzul R, Chen H, Rose JB. The Role of Notch3 in Cancer. Oncologist. 2018 Aug;23(8):900-911. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0677. Epub, 2018 Apr 5. PMID:29622701 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.2017-0677
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Aster JC, Pear WS, Blacklow SC. The Varied Roles of Notch in Cancer. Annu Rev Pathol. 2017 Jan 24;12:245-275. doi:, 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100127. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID:27959635 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100127
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