Sandbox Reserved 1780

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This Sandbox is Reserved from February 27 through August 31, 2023 for use in the course CH462 Biochemistry II taught by R. Jeremy Johnson at the Butler University, Indianapolis, USA. This reservation includes Sandbox Reserved 1765 through Sandbox Reserved 1795.

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Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor bound to thyroid stimulating hormone

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1 Active and Inactive Form
2 TSHR Agonists and Antagonists
- 2.1 M22 Agonist
- 2.2 CS-17 Inverse Agonist

Active and Inactive Form

Figure 2: Inactive form of the thyrotropin receptor shown in blue (PDB: 7T9M). Active form of the thyrotropin receptor shown in green (PDB: 7T9I).

The TSHR protein exists in two states: active and inactive (Figure 2). The exists in dynamic equilibrium where binding favors the active state. In this active state, TSH will bind and keep the active state in the up position because of clashes between bound TSH and the cell membrane.^[1]. This clash is caused by glycosylations of an Asn52 on the . Addition of N-acetyl glucosamine modifications create steric clashes between TSH and the cell membrane, keeping TSHR in the active state.

TSHR Agonists and Antagonists

Chemical agonists are found in many living systems and serve as a way to activate receptors or pathways that are necessary for a wide array of biological processes. Chemical antagonists block or inhibit biological processes. Different types of agonists/antagonists exist within the body including hormones, antibodies, and neurotransmitters. The body naturally produces autoantibodies that can act as agonists and mimic the activating mechanism of the natural hormone.^[2].

M22 Agonist

is a monoclonal antibody that was isolated from a patient with Graves' Disease. In Graves' disease, autoantibodies mimic TSH function and cause thyroid overactivity. ^[2]. The M22 autoantibody activates TSHR by causing a membrane clash with the ECD and cell membrane, keeping the TSHR in the active state by preventing the TSHR from rotating to the inactive state (Figure 3). M22 mimics TSH activation of TSHR because it is a potent activator for TSHR. ^[1] Although M22 binds in a similar manner to TSH, M22 does not interact with the hinge region when bound to TSHR, whereas TSH bound to TSHR does.^[1] This finding shows that the hinge region is not necessary for the activation of TSHR, and leads to the discovery of other methods of activation.

Figure 3: Agonist and antagonist drugs for activating or inactivating the TSHR protein.

CS-17 Inverse Agonist

is a monoclonal antibody that acts as an inverse agonist for TSHR constitutive activity. ^[3]. An example of a disease caused by inverse agonists is hypothyroidism. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s disease. Without enough TSH to bind TSHR, the pathway remains inactive and thus metabolic processes are inhibited in this pathway. CS-17 interacts with the ECD of the TSHR protein on the convex side GREEN LINK of the LRRD, suppressing TSHR function by keeping the receptor in the inactive state (Figure 3). Clash of bound CS-17 with the cell membrane locks TSHR in the inactive form. This type of inhibition is uncommon and is a promising mechanism for future drug design and research to combat hypothyroidism.^[3].

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Faust B, Billesbolle CB, Suomivuori CM, Singh I, Zhang K, Hoppe N, Pinto AFM, Diedrich JK, Muftuoglu Y, Szkudlinski MW, Saghatelian A, Dror RO, Cheng Y, Manglik A. Autoantibody mimicry of hormone action at the thyrotropin receptor. Nature. 2022 Aug 8. pii: 10.1038/s41586-022-05159-1. doi:, 10.1038/s41586-022-05159-1. PMID:35940205 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05159-1
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Nunez Miguel R, Sanders J, Chirgadze DY, Furmaniak J, Rees Smith B. Thyroid stimulating autoantibody M22 mimics TSH binding to the TSH receptor leucine rich domain: a comparative structural study of protein-protein interactions. J Mol Endocrinol. 2009 May;42(5):381-95. Epub 2009 Feb 16. PMID:19221175 doi:10.1677/JME-08-0152
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Chen, C.-R., McLachlan, S. M., & Rapoport, B. (2007). Suppression of thyrotropin receptor constitutive activity by a monoclonal antibody with inverse agonist activity. Endocrinology, 148(5), 2375–2382. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1754

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	===CS-17 Inverse Agonist===		===CS-17 Inverse Agonist===
-	<scene name='95/952707/Cs17/1'>CS-17</scene> is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody monoclonal antibody] that acts as an inverse agonist for TSHR constitutive activity. <ref name= "Chen et al.">Chen, C.-R., McLachlan, S. M., & Rapoport, B. (2007). Suppression of thyrotropin receptor constitutive activity by a monoclonal antibody with inverse agonist activity. Endocrinology, 148(5), 2375–2382. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1754</ref>. CS-17 interacts with the ECD of the TSHR protein on the convex side of the LRRD ~~(ADD GREEN LINK). When bound to TSHR~~, ~~CS-17 suppresses~~ TSHR function by keeping the receptor in the inactive state (Figure 3). Clash with the cell membrane ~~does not allow~~ the inactive form ~~of TSHR to flip to the active conformation. CS-17 plays a unique role with GPCRs~~. This type of inhibition is ~~not commonly seen in many biological systems~~ and ~~therefore leads to this method of inhibition being~~ a ~~great target~~ for drug design and ~~future~~ research.<ref name="Chen et al.">Chen, C.-R., McLachlan, S. M., & Rapoport, B. (2007). Suppression of thyrotropin receptor constitutive activity by a monoclonal antibody with inverse agonist activity. Endocrinology, 148(5), 2375–2382. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1754</ref>. ~~Due to its unique inhibition, CS-17 can be a popular therapy for many thyroid diseases where the thyroid is overactive.~~	+	<scene name='95/952707/Cs17/3'>CS-17</scene> is a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody monoclonal antibody] that acts as an inverse agonist for TSHR constitutive activity. <ref name= "Chen et al.">Chen, C.-R., McLachlan, S. M., & Rapoport, B. (2007). Suppression of thyrotropin receptor constitutive activity by a monoclonal antibody with inverse agonist activity. Endocrinology, 148(5), 2375–2382. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1754</ref>. An example of a disease caused by inverse agonists is [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/hypothyroidism/symptomscauses/syc20350284#:~:text=Hypothyroidism%20happens%20when%20the%20thyroid,symptoms%20in%20its%20early%20stages hypothyroidism]. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseasesconditions/hypothyroidism/symptomscauses/syc20350284#:~:text=Hypothyroidism%20happens%20when%20the%20thyroid,symptoms%20in%20its%20early%20stages Hashimoto’s disease]. Without enough TSH to bind TSHR, the pathway remains inactive and thus metabolic processes are inhibited in this pathway. CS-17 interacts with the ECD of the TSHR protein on the convex side GREEN LINK of the LRRD, suppressing TSHR function by keeping the receptor in the inactive state (Figure 3). Clash of bound CS-17 with the cell membrane locks TSHR in the inactive form. This type of inhibition is uncommon and is a promising mechanism for future drug design and research to combat hypothyroidism.<ref name="Chen et al.">Chen, C.-R., McLachlan, S. M., & Rapoport, B. (2007). Suppression of thyrotropin receptor constitutive activity by a monoclonal antibody with inverse agonist activity. Endocrinology, 148(5), 2375–2382. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1754</ref>.

Sandbox Reserved 1780

From Proteopedia

Revision as of 14:13, 12 April 2023

Contents

Active and Inactive Form

TSHR Agonists and Antagonists

M22 Agonist

CS-17 Inverse Agonist

References

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