8thl

Structural highlights

Disease

GNAS2_HUMAN Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism;Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A;Progressive osseous heteroplasia;Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia;Monostotic fibrous dysplasia;Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1C;Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B;McCune-Albright syndrome. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. Most affected individuals have defects in methylation of the gene. In some cases microdeletions involving the STX16 appear to cause loss of methylation at exon A/B of GNAS, resulting in PHP1B. Paternal uniparental isodisomy have also been observed. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.GNAQ_HUMAN Sturge-Weber syndrome;Phakomatosis cesioflammea;Uveal melanoma;Familial multiple nevi flammei. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry. The disease is caused by mutations affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Function

GNAI2_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(i) proteins are involved in hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase: they inhibit the cyclase in response to beta-adrenergic stimuli. May play a role in cell division.^[1] Isoform sGi2: Regulates the cell surface density of dopamine receptors DRD2 by sequestrating them as an intracellular pool.^[2] GNAS2_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers in numerous signaling pathways controlled by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) (PubMed:17110384). Signaling involves the activation of adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased levels of the signaling molecule cAMP (PubMed:26206488, PubMed:8702665). GNAS functions downstream of several GPCRs, including beta-adrenergic receptors (PubMed:21488135). Stimulates the Ras signaling pathway via RAPGEF2 (PubMed:12391161).^{[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]} GNAQ_HUMAN Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Regulates B-cell selection and survival and is required to prevent B-cell-dependent autoimmunity. Regulates chemotaxis of BM-derived neutrophils and dendritic cells (in vitro) (By similarity).

References

1. ↑ Cho H, Kehrl JH. Localization of Gi alpha proteins in the centrosomes and at the midbody: implication for their role in cell division. J Cell Biol. 2007 Jul 16;178(2):245-55. PMID:17635935 doi:10.1083/jcb.200604114
2. ↑ Lopez-Aranda MF, Acevedo MJ, Gutierrez A, Koulen P, Khan ZU. Role of a Galphai2 protein splice variant in the formation of an intracellular dopamine D2 receptor pool. J Cell Sci. 2007 Jul 1;120(Pt 13):2171-8. Epub 2007 Jun 5. PMID:17550964 doi:http://dx.doi.org/jcs.005611
3. ↑ Pak Y, Pham N, Rotin D. Direct binding of the beta1 adrenergic receptor to the cyclic AMP-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor CNrasGEF leads to Ras activation. Mol Cell Biol. 2002 Nov;22(22):7942-52. PMID:12391161
4. ↑ Gao X, Sadana R, Dessauer CW, Patel TB. Conditional stimulation of type V and VI adenylyl cyclases by G protein betagamma subunits. J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 5;282(1):294-302. Epub 2006 Nov 16. PMID:17110384 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M607522200
5. ↑ Thiele S, de Sanctis L, Werner R, Grotzinger J, Aydin C, Juppner H, Bastepe M, Hiort O. Functional characterization of GNAS mutations found in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ic defines a new subgroup of pseudohypoparathyroidism affecting selectively Gsalpha-receptor interaction. Hum Mutat. 2011 Jun;32(6):653-60. doi: 10.1002/humu.21489. Epub 2011 Apr 12. PMID:21488135 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.21489
6. ↑ Brand CS, Sadana R, Malik S, Smrcka AV, Dessauer CW. Adenylyl Cyclase 5 Regulation by Gbetagamma Involves Isoform-Specific Use of Multiple Interaction Sites. Mol Pharmacol. 2015 Oct;88(4):758-67. doi: 10.1124/mol.115.099556. Epub 2015 Jul , 23. PMID:26206488 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.115.099556
7. ↑ Farfel Z, Iiri T, Shapira H, Roitman A, Mouallem M, Bourne HR. Pseudohypoparathyroidism, a novel mutation in the betagamma-contact region of Gsalpha impairs receptor stimulation. J Biol Chem. 1996 Aug 16;271(33):19653-5. PMID:8702665