| Structural highlights
Disease
CAH2_HUMAN Defects in CA2 are the cause of osteopetrosis autosomal recessive type 3 (OPTB3) [MIM:259730; also known as osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis, carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome, Guibaud-Vainsel syndrome or marble brain disease. Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disease characterized by abnormally dense bone, due to defective resorption of immature bone. The disorder occurs in two forms: a severe autosomal recessive form occurring in utero, infancy, or childhood, and a benign autosomal dominant form occurring in adolescence or adulthood. Autosomal recessive osteopetrosis is usually associated with normal or elevated amount of non-functional osteoclasts. OPTB3 is associated with renal tubular acidosis, cerebral calcification (marble brain disease) and in some cases with mental retardation.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Function
CAH2_HUMAN Essential for bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. Can hydrate cyanamide to urea. Involved in the regulation of fluid secretion into the anterior chamber of the eye.[6] [7]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Human carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is highly expressed in tumor tissues, and its selective inhibition provides a potential target for the treatment of numerous cancers. Development of potent, highly selective inhibitors against this target remains an unmet need in anticancer therapeutics. A series of fluorinated benzenesulfonamides with substituents on the benzene ring was designed and synthesized. Several of these exhibited a highly potent and selective inhibition profile against CA IX. Three fluorine atoms significantly increased the affinity by withdrawing electrons and lowering the pKa of the benzenesulfonamide group. The bulky ortho substituents, such as cyclooctyl or even cyclododecyl groups, fit into the hydrophobic pocket in the active site of CA IX but not CA II, as shown by the compound's co-crystal structure with chimeric CA IX. The strongest inhibitor of recombinant human CA IX's catalytic domain in human cells achieved an affinity of 50 pM. However, the high affinity diminished the selectivity. The most selective compound for CA IX exhibited 10 nM affinity. The compound that showed the best balance between affinity and selectivity bound with 1 nM affinity. The inhibitors described in this work provide the basis for novel anticancer therapeutics targeting CA IX.
Discovery and characterization of novel selective inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX.,Dudutiene V, Matuliene J, Smirnov A, Timm DD, Zubriene A, Baranauskiene L, Morkunaite V, Smirnoviene J, Michailoviene V, Juozapaitiene V, Mickeviciute A, Kazokaite J, Baksyte S, Kasiliauskaite A, Jachno J, Revuckiene J, Kisonaite M, Pilipuityte V, Ivanauskaite E, Milinaviciute G, Smirnovas V, Petrikaite V, Kairys V, Petrauskas V, Norvaisas P, Linge D, Gibieza P, Capkauskaite E, Zaksauskas A, Kazlauskas E, Manakova E, Grazulis S, Ladbury JE, Matulis D J Med Chem. 2014 Nov 26;57(22):9435-46. doi: 10.1021/jm501003k. Epub 2014 Nov 10. PMID:25358084[8]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Venta PJ, Welty RJ, Johnson TM, Sly WS, Tashian RE. Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome in a Belgian family is caused by a point mutation at an invariant histidine residue (107 His----Tyr): complete structure of the normal human CA II gene. Am J Hum Genet. 1991 Nov;49(5):1082-90. PMID:1928091
- ↑ Roth DE, Venta PJ, Tashian RE, Sly WS. Molecular basis of human carbonic anhydrase II deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Mar 1;89(5):1804-8. PMID:1542674
- ↑ Soda H, Yukizane S, Yoshida I, Koga Y, Aramaki S, Kato H. A point mutation in exon 3 (His 107-->Tyr) in two unrelated Japanese patients with carbonic anhydrase II deficiency with central nervous system involvement. Hum Genet. 1996 Apr;97(4):435-7. PMID:8834238
- ↑ Hu PY, Lim EJ, Ciccolella J, Strisciuglio P, Sly WS. Seven novel mutations in carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome identified by SSCP and direct sequencing analysis. Hum Mutat. 1997;9(5):383-7. PMID:9143915 doi:<383::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-5 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)9:5<383::AID-HUMU1>3.0.CO;2-5
- ↑ Shah GN, Bonapace G, Hu PY, Strisciuglio P, Sly WS. Carbonic anhydrase II deficiency syndrome (osteopetrosis with renal tubular acidosis and brain calcification): novel mutations in CA2 identified by direct sequencing expand the opportunity for genotype-phenotype correlation. Hum Mutat. 2004 Sep;24(3):272. PMID:15300855 doi:10.1002/humu.9266
- ↑ Briganti F, Mangani S, Scozzafava A, Vernaglione G, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes cyanamide hydration to urea: is it mimicking the physiological reaction? J Biol Inorg Chem. 1999 Oct;4(5):528-36. PMID:10550681
- ↑ Kim CY, Whittington DA, Chang JS, Liao J, May JA, Christianson DW. Structural aspects of isozyme selectivity in the binding of inhibitors to carbonic anhydrases II and IV. J Med Chem. 2002 Feb 14;45(4):888-93. PMID:11831900
- ↑ Dudutiene V, Matuliene J, Smirnov A, Timm DD, Zubriene A, Baranauskiene L, Morkunaite V, Smirnoviene J, Michailoviene V, Juozapaitiene V, Mickeviciute A, Kazokaite J, Baksyte S, Kasiliauskaite A, Jachno J, Revuckiene J, Kisonaite M, Pilipuityte V, Ivanauskaite E, Milinaviciute G, Smirnovas V, Petrikaite V, Kairys V, Petrauskas V, Norvaisas P, Linge D, Gibieza P, Capkauskaite E, Zaksauskas A, Kazlauskas E, Manakova E, Grazulis S, Ladbury JE, Matulis D. Discovery and characterization of novel selective inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase IX. J Med Chem. 2014 Nov 26;57(22):9435-46. doi: 10.1021/jm501003k. Epub 2014 Nov 10. PMID:25358084 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jm501003k
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