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You may include any references to papers as in: the use of JSmol in Proteopedia ^[1] or to the article describing Jmol ^[2] to the rescue.

Introduction

Diabetes

Function

^[3].

Disease

Relevance

Structural highlights

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Binding/Active Site of GIPR with GIP

Figure 1. GIPR and GIP residue interactions

The of GIP with the GIP receptor (GIPR) is where the N-term of GIP binds with the transmembrane domain of the GIPR. The first interaction formed with GIPR and the N-term of GIP is a hydrogen bond between Tyrosine 1 (Y1) and Glutamine 224 (Q224) to activate the G-protein to start sending signals to the cell. Many other within the binding site are forming hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions between the ligand and the receptor. The N-term binds more strongly than the C-term and there are many different residues contributing to this, including, Tyrosine 1 (Y1) and Tryptophan (W296) are forming aromatic interactions. Serine 8 (S8) and Asparagine 290 (N290) are forming two hydrogen bonds with each other. Aspartate 9 (D9) is forming another hydrogen bond with Arginine 370 (R370)^[3]. These hydrogen bonds lead to the activation of cell signaling and when this binding is somehow disrupted, that is what causes different diseases like diabetes.

Binding/Active Site of GIPR with Tirzepatide

Figure 2. Residue Interactions with Tirzepatide

The is the same as GIP with the N-term binding to the transmembrane domain. The are fairly similar just in a different conformations, which is allowing for more hydrogen bonding. The more hydrogen bonding there is the stronger the binding between the two proteins will be. In Tirzepatide, the most noticeable conformational change is the Tyrosine 1 (Y1) residue. It is now facing up towards Arginine 190 (R190) where they are now form a new hydrogen bond that was not present in GIP. This can lead to the conclusion that GIPR has a higher binding affinity for Tirzepatide than GIP itself^[3].

Isoleucine vs. Threonine

In GIP there is an Isoleucine present . Isoleucine is a branched residue that is very hydrophobic. This residue is also present in the N-term where the important interactions are occuring. In Tirzepatide, this seventh residue has been changed to a Threonine residue . Threonine is also a branched residue, but it contains a hydroxyl group making it hydrophilic, allowing it to make hydrogen bonds. This extra hydrogen bond in Tirzepatide is also responsible for a higher binding affinity for the drug than GIP itself.