| Structural highlights
Disease
CD40L_HUMAN Defects in CD40LG are the cause of X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM type 1 (HIGM1) [MIM:308230; also known as X-linked hyper IgM syndrome (XHIM). HIGM1 is an immunoglobulin isotype switch defect characterized by elevated concentrations of serum IgM and decreased amounts of all other isotypes. Affected males present at an early age (usually within the first year of life) recurrent bacterial and opportunistic infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and intractable diarrhea due to cryptosporidium infection. Despite substitution treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, the overall prognosis is rather poor, with a death rate of about 10% before adolescence.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]
Function
CD40L_HUMAN Mediates B-cell proliferation in the absence of co-stimulus as well as IgE production in the presence of IL-4. Involved in immunoglobulin class switching.[11] Release of soluble CD40L from platelets is partially regulated by GP IIb/IIIa, actin polymerization, and an matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) inhibitor-sensitive pathway.[12]
Evolutionary Conservation
Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.
Publication Abstract from PubMed
BACKGROUND: CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, plays a critical role in both humoral and cellular immune responses and has been implicated in biological pathways involving epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and platelets. Such a pathway is T cell-mediated B cell activation, a process that occurs through the interaction of CD40L with CD40 receptor expressed on B cells. It results in various B cell responses, including immunoglobulin isotype switching and B cell differentiation and proliferation. These responses can be inhibited by the monoclonal antibody 5c8, which binds with high affinity to CD40L. RESULTS: To understand the structural basis of the inhibition, we determined the crystal structure of the complex of the extracellular domain of CD40L and the Fab fragment of humanized 5c8 antibody. The structure shows that the complex has the shape of a three-bladed propeller with three Fab fragments bound symmetrically to a CD40L homotrimer. To further study the nature of the antibody-antigen interface, we assessed the ability of 23 site-directed mutants of CD40L to bind to 5c8 and CD40 and analyzed the results in the context of the crystal structure. Finally, we observed via confocal microscopy that 5c8 binding to CD40L on the cell surface results in the formation of patches of clustered complexes. CONCLUSIONS: The structure reveals that 5c8 neutralizes CD40L function by sterically blocking CD40 binding. The antigenic epitope is localized in a region of the surface that is likely to be structurally perturbed as a result of genetic mutations that cause hyper-IgM syndrome. The symmetric trimeric arrangement of the Fab fragments in the complex results in a geometry that facilitates the formation of large clusters of complexes on the cell surface.
Structure of CD40 ligand in complex with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing humanized antibody.,Karpusas M, Lucci J, Ferrant J, Benjamin C, Taylor FR, Strauch K, Garber E, Hsu YM Structure. 2001 Apr 4;9(4):321-9. PMID:11525169[13]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Aruffo A, Farrington M, Hollenbaugh D, Li X, Milatovich A, Nonoyama S, Bajorath J, Grosmaire LS, Stenkamp R, Neubauer M, et al.. The CD40 ligand, gp39, is defective in activated T cells from patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Cell. 1993 Jan 29;72(2):291-300. PMID:7678782
- ↑ Korthauer U, Graf D, Mages HW, Briere F, Padayachee M, Malcolm S, Ugazio AG, Notarangelo LD, Levinsky RJ, Kroczek RA. Defective expression of T-cell CD40 ligand causes X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM. Nature. 1993 Feb 11;361(6412):539-41. PMID:7679206 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/361539a0
- ↑ DiSanto JP, Bonnefoy JY, Gauchat JF, Fischer A, de Saint Basile G. CD40 ligand mutations in x-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM. Nature. 1993 Feb 11;361(6412):541-3. PMID:8094231 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/361541a0
- ↑ Allen RC, Armitage RJ, Conley ME, Rosenblatt H, Jenkins NA, Copeland NG, Bedell MA, Edelhoff S, Disteche CM, Simoneaux DK, et al.. CD40 ligand gene defects responsible for X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Science. 1993 Feb 12;259(5097):990-3. PMID:7679801
- ↑ Macchi P, Villa A, Strina D, Sacco MG, Morali F, Brugnoni D, Giliani S, Mantuano E, Fasth A, Andersson B, et al.. Characterization of nine novel mutations in the CD40 ligand gene in patients with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome of various ancestry. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Apr;56(4):898-906. PMID:7717401
- ↑ Saiki O, Tanaka T, Wada Y, Uda H, Inoue A, Katada Y, Izeki M, Iwata M, Nunoi H, Matsuda I, et al.. Signaling through CD40 rescues IgE but not IgG or IgA secretion in X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM. J Clin Invest. 1995 Feb;95(2):510-4. PMID:7532185 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI117692
- ↑ Katz F, Hinshelwood S, Rutland P, Jones A, Kinnon C, Morgan G. Mutation analysis in CD40 ligand deficiency leading to X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia with hyper IgM syndrome. Hum Mutat. 1996;8(3):223-8. PMID:8889581 doi:<223::AID-HUMU5>3.0.CO;2-A 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1996)8:3<223::AID-HUMU5>3.0.CO;2-A
- ↑ Lin Q, Rohrer J, Allen RC, Larche M, Greene JM, Shigeoka AO, Gatti RA, Derauf DC, Belmont JW, Conley ME. A single strand conformation polymorphism study of CD40 ligand. Efficient mutation analysis and carrier detection for X-linked hyper IgM syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1996 Jan 1;97(1):196-201. PMID:8550833 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI118389
- ↑ Nonoyama S, Shimadzu M, Toru H, Seyama K, Nunoi H, Neubauer M, Yata J, Och HD. Mutations of the CD40 ligand gene in 13 Japanese patients with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome. Hum Genet. 1997 May;99(5):624-7. PMID:9150729
- ↑ Seyama K, Nonoyama S, Gangsaas I, Hollenbaugh D, Pabst HF, Aruffo A, Ochs HD. Mutations of the CD40 ligand gene and its effect on CD40 ligand expression in patients with X-linked hyper IgM syndrome. Blood. 1998 Oct 1;92(7):2421-34. PMID:9746782
- ↑ Furman MI, Krueger LA, Linden MD, Barnard MR, Frelinger AL 3rd, Michelson AD. Release of soluble CD40L from platelets is regulated by glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and actin polymerization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jun 16;43(12):2319-25. PMID:15193700 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.055
- ↑ Furman MI, Krueger LA, Linden MD, Barnard MR, Frelinger AL 3rd, Michelson AD. Release of soluble CD40L from platelets is regulated by glycoprotein IIb/IIIa and actin polymerization. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jun 16;43(12):2319-25. PMID:15193700 doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.055
- ↑ Karpusas M, Lucci J, Ferrant J, Benjamin C, Taylor FR, Strauch K, Garber E, Hsu YM. Structure of CD40 ligand in complex with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing humanized antibody. Structure. 2001 Apr 4;9(4):321-9. PMID:11525169
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