| Structural highlights
Function
GLFA_ASPFM UDP-galactopyranose mutase, key flavoenzyme of galactofuranose metabolism that catalyzes the 6-to-5 ring contraction of UDP-galactopyranose to UDP-galactofuranose, the donor used by various galacto-furanosyltransferases (PubMed:16207086, PubMed:18552284, PubMed:22334662, PubMed:23036087, PubMed:25412209, PubMed:26836146). Controls the biosynthesis of galactomannan and galactofuranose containing glycoconjugates (PubMed:18552284). The flavin functions as nucleophile, forming a flavin-sugar adduct that facilitates galactose-ring opening and contraction (PubMed:26836146). The binding of UDP-galactopyranose induces profound conformational changes in the enzyme and two loops on opposite sides of the active site move toward each other by over 10 Angstroms to cover the substrate and create a closed active site (PubMed:22334662).[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
UDP-galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-galactopyranose and UDP-galactofuranose. Absent in humans, galactofuranose is found in bacterial and fungal cell walls and is a cell surface virulence factor in protozoan parasites. For these reasons, UGMs are targets for drug discovery. Here, we report a mutagenesis and structural study of the UGMs from Aspergillus fumigatus and Trypanosoma cruzi focused on active site residues that are conserved in eukaryotic UGMs but are absent or different in bacterial UGMs. Kinetic analysis of the variants F66A, Y104A, Q107A, N207A, and Y317A (A. fumigatus numbering) show decreases in kcat/KM values of 200-1000-fold for the mutase reaction. In contrast, none of the mutations significantly affect the kinetics of enzyme activation by NADPH. These results indicate that the targeted residues are important for promoting the transition state conformation for UDP-galactofuranose formation. Crystal structures of the A. fumigatus mutant enzymes were determined in the presence and absence of UDP to understand the structural consequences of the mutations. The structures suggest important roles for Asn207 in stabilizing the closed active site, and Tyr317 in positioning of the uridine ring. Phe66 and the corresponding residue in Mycobacterium tuberculosis UGM (His68) play a role as the backstop, stabilizing the galactopyranose group for nucleophilic attack. Together, these results provide insight into the essentiality of the targeted residues for realizing maximal catalytic activity and a proposal for how conformational changes that close the active site are temporally related and coupled together.
Contributions of Unique Active Site Residues of Eukaryotic UDP-Galactopyranose Mutases to Substrate Recognition and Active Site Dynamics.,Da Fonseca I, Qureshi IA, Mehra-Chaudhary R, Kizjakina K, Tanner JJ, Sobrado P Biochemistry. 2014 Dec 2. PMID:25412209[7]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Bakker H, Kleczka B, Gerardy-Schahn R, Routier FH. Identification and partial characterization of two eukaryotic UDP-galactopyranose mutases. Biol Chem. 2005 Jul;386(7):657-61. PMID:16207086 doi:10.1515/BC.2005.076
- ↑ Schmalhorst PS, Krappmann S, Vervecken W, Rohde M, Müller M, Braus GH, Contreras R, Braun A, Bakker H, Routier FH. Contribution of galactofuranose to the virulence of the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Eukaryot Cell. 2008 Aug;7(8):1268-77. PMID:18552284 doi:10.1128/EC.00109-08
- ↑ van Straaten KE, Routier FH, Sanders DA. Structural insight into the unique substrate binding mechanism and flavin redox state of UDP-galactopyranose mutase from Aspergillus fumigatus. J Biol Chem. 2012 Feb 10. PMID:22334662 doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.322974
- ↑ Dhatwalia R, Singh H, Solano LM, Oppenheimer M, Robinson RM, Ellerbrock JF, Sobrado P, Tanner JJ. Identification of the NAD(P)H Binding Site of Eukaryotic UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase. J Am Chem Soc. 2012 Oct 4. PMID:23036087 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja308188z
- ↑ Da Fonseca I, Qureshi IA, Mehra-Chaudhary R, Kizjakina K, Tanner JJ, Sobrado P. Contributions of Unique Active Site Residues of Eukaryotic UDP-Galactopyranose Mutases to Substrate Recognition and Active Site Dynamics. Biochemistry. 2014 Dec 2. PMID:25412209 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi501008z
- ↑ Mehra-Chaudhary R, Dai Y, Sobrado P, Tanner JJ. In Crystallo Capture of a Covalent Intermediate in the UDP-Galactopyranose Mutase Reaction. Biochemistry. 2016 Feb 16;55(6):833-6. doi: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00035. Epub, 2016 Feb 4. PMID:26836146 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00035
- ↑ Da Fonseca I, Qureshi IA, Mehra-Chaudhary R, Kizjakina K, Tanner JJ, Sobrado P. Contributions of Unique Active Site Residues of Eukaryotic UDP-Galactopyranose Mutases to Substrate Recognition and Active Site Dynamics. Biochemistry. 2014 Dec 2. PMID:25412209 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi501008z
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