2gk1

Structural highlights

Disease

[HEXA_HUMAN] Defects in HEXA are the cause of GM2-gangliosidosis type 1 (GM2G1) [MIM:272800]; also known as Tay-Sachs disease. GM2-gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease marked by the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides in the neuronal cells. GM2G1 is characterized by GM2 gangliosides accumulation in the absence of HEXA activity, leading to neurodegeneration and, in the infantile form, death in early childhood. GM2G1 has an increased incidence among Ashkenazi Jews and French Canadians in eastern Quebec. It exists in several forms: infantile (most common and most severe), juvenile and adult (late onset).^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22]} [HEXB_HUMAN] Defects in HEXB are the cause of GM2-gangliosidosis type 2 (GM2G2) [MIM:268800]; also known as Sandhoff disease. GM2-gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease marked by the accumulation of GM2 gangliosides in the neuronal cells. GM2G2 is clinically indistinguishable from GM2-gangliosidosis type 1, presenting startle reactions, early blindness, progressive motor and mental deterioration, macrocephaly and cherry-red spots on the macula.^{[23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]}

Function

[HEXA_HUMAN] Responsible for the degradation of GM2 gangliosides, and a variety of other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines, in the brain and other tissues. The form B is active against certain oligosaccharides. The form S has no measurable activity. [HEXB_HUMAN] Responsible for the degradation of GM2 gangliosides, and a variety of other molecules containing terminal N-acetyl hexosamines, in the brain and other tissues.

Evolutionary Conservation

Check, as determined by ConSurfDB. You may read the explanation of the method and the full data available from ConSurf.

See Also

• Beta-Hexosaminidase

References

1. ↑ Nakano T, Muscillo M, Ohno K, Hoffman AJ, Suzuki K. A point mutation in the coding sequence of the beta-hexosaminidase alpha gene results in defective processing of the enzyme protein in an unusual GM2-gangliosidosis variant. J Neurochem. 1988 Sep;51(3):984-7. PMID:2970528
2. ↑ Navon R, Proia RL. The mutations in Ashkenazi Jews with adult GM2 gangliosidosis, the adult form of Tay-Sachs disease. Science. 1989 Mar 17;243(4897):1471-4. PMID:2522679
3. ↑ Tanaka A, Punnett HH, Suzuki K. A new point mutation in the beta-hexosaminidase alpha subunit gene responsible for infantile Tay-Sachs disease in a non-Jewish Caucasian patient (a Kpn mutant). Am J Hum Genet. 1990 Sep;47(3):568-74. PMID:2144098
4. ↑ Akli S, Chelly J, Lacorte JM, Poenaru L, Kahn A. Seven novel Tay-Sachs mutations detected by chemical mismatch cleavage of PCR-amplified cDNA fragments. Genomics. 1991 Sep;11(1):124-34. PMID:1837283
5. ↑ Mules EH, Hayflick S, Miller CS, Reynolds LW, Thomas GH. Six novel deleterious and three neutral mutations in the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of hexosaminidase A in non-Jewish individuals. Am J Hum Genet. 1992 Apr;50(4):834-41. PMID:1532289
6. ↑ Fernandes M, Kaplan F, Natowicz M, Prence E, Kolodny E, Kaback M, Hechtman P. A new Tay-Sachs disease B1 allele in exon 7 in two compound heterozygotes each with a second novel mutation. Hum Mol Genet. 1992 Dec;1(9):759-61. PMID:1302612
7. ↑ Trop I, Kaplan F, Brown C, Mahuran D, Hechtman P. A glycine250--> aspartate substitution in the alpha-subunit of hexosaminidase A causes juvenile-onset Tay-Sachs disease in a Lebanese-Canadian family. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(1):35-9. PMID:1301189 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380010106
8. ↑ Akalin N, Shi HP, Vavougios G, Hechtman P, Lo W, Scriver CR, Mahuran D, Kaplan F. Novel Tay-Sachs disease mutations from China. Hum Mutat. 1992;1(1):40-6. PMID:1301190 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380010107
9. ↑ Akli S, Chomel JC, Lacorte JM, Bachner L, Kahn A, Poenaru L. Ten novel mutations in the HEXA gene in non-Jewish Tay-Sachs patients. Hum Mol Genet. 1993 Jan;2(1):61-7. PMID:8490625
10. ↑ Harmon DL, Gardner-Medwin D, Stirling JL. Two new mutations in a late infantile Tay-Sachs patient are both in exon 1 of the beta-hexosaminidase alpha subunit gene. J Med Genet. 1993 Feb;30(2):123-8. PMID:8445615
11. ↑ Tomczak J, Grebner EE. Three novel beta-hexosaminidase A mutations in obligate carriers of Tay-Sachs disease. Hum Mutat. 1994;4(1):71-2. PMID:7951261 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/humu.1380040112
12. ↑ Tanaka A, Sakazaki H, Murakami H, Isshiki G, Suzuki K. Molecular genetics of Tay-Sachs disease in Japan. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1994;17(5):593-600. PMID:7837766
13. ↑ Triggs-Raine B, Richard M, Wasel N, Prence EM, Natowicz MR. Mutational analyses of Tay-Sachs disease: studies on Tay-Sachs carriers of French Canadian background living in New England. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Apr;56(4):870-9. PMID:7717398
14. ↑ Peleg L, Meltzer F, Karpati M, Goldman B. GM2 gangliosidosis B1 variant: biochemical and molecular characterization of hexosaminidase A. Biochem Mol Med. 1995 Apr;54(2):126-32. PMID:8581357
15. ↑ Navon R, Khosravi R, Korczyn T, Masson M, Sonnino S, Fardeau M, Eymard B, Lefevre M, Turpin JC, Rondot P, et al.. A new mutation in the HEXA gene associated with a spinal muscular atrophy phenotype. Neurology. 1995 Mar;45(3 Pt 1):539-43. PMID:7898712
16. ↑ De Gasperi R, Gama Sosa MA, Battistini S, Yeretsian J, Raghavan S, Zelnik N, Leshinsky E, Kolodny EH. Late-onset GM2 gangliosidosis: Ashkenazi Jewish family with an exon 5 mutation (Tyr180-->His) in the Hex A alpha-chain gene. Neurology. 1996 Aug;47(2):547-52. PMID:8757036
17. ↑ Akerman BR, Natowicz MR, Kaback MM, Loyer M, Campeau E, Gravel RA. Novel mutations and DNA-based screening in non-Jewish carriers of Tay-Sachs disease. Am J Hum Genet. 1997 May;60(5):1099-106. PMID:9150157
18. ↑ Kaufman M, Grinshpun-Cohen J, Karpati M, Peleg L, Goldman B, Akstein E, Adam A, Navon R. Tay-Sachs disease and HEXA mutations among Moroccan Jews. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(4):295-300. PMID:9338583 doi:<295::AID-HUMU5>3.0.CO;2-G 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)10:4<295::AID-HUMU5>3.0.CO;2-G
19. ↑ Gil Ribeiro M, Pinto RA, Suzuki K, Sa Miranda MC. Two novel (1334delC and 1363G to A, G455R) mutations in exon 12 of the beta-hexosaminidase alpha-chain gene in two Portuguese patients. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(5):359-60. PMID:9375850 doi:<359::AID-HUMU4>3.0.CO;2-A 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)10:5<359::AID-HUMU4>3.0.CO;2-A
20. ↑ Drucker L, Hemli JA, Navon R. Two mutated HEXA alleles in a Druze patient with late-infantile Tay-Sachs disease. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(6):451-7. PMID:9401008 doi:<451::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-G 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)10:6<451::AID-HUMU6>3.0.CO;2-G
21. ↑ Petroulakis E, Cao Z, Clarke JT, Mahuran DJ, Lee G, Triggs-Raine B. W474C amino acid substitution affects early processing of the alpha-subunit of beta-hexosaminidase A and is associated with subacute G(M2) gangliosidosis. Hum Mutat. 1998;11(6):432-42. PMID:9603435 doi:<432::AID-HUMU3>3.0.CO;2-Z 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1998)11:6<432::AID-HUMU3>3.0.CO;2-Z
22. ↑ Tanaka A, Hoang LT, Nishi Y, Maniwa S, Oka M, Yamano T. Different attenuated phenotypes of GM2 gangliosidosis variant B in Japanese patients with HEXA mutations at codon 499, and five novel mutations responsible for infantile acute form. J Hum Genet. 2003;48(11):571-4. Epub 2003 Oct 18. PMID:14566483 doi:10.1007/s10038-003-0080-9
23. ↑ Banerjee P, Siciliano L, Oliveri D, McCabe NR, Boyers MJ, Horwitz AL, Li SC, Dawson G. Molecular basis of an adult form of beta-hexosaminidase B deficiency with motor neuron disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1991 Nov 27;181(1):108-15. PMID:1720305
24. ↑ Wakamatsu N, Kobayashi H, Miyatake T, Tsuji S. A novel exon mutation in the human beta-hexosaminidase beta subunit gene affects 3' splice site selection. J Biol Chem. 1992 Feb 5;267(4):2406-13. PMID:1531140
25. ↑ Bolhuis PA, Ponne NJ, Bikker H, Baas F, Vianney de Jong JM. Molecular basis of an adult form of Sandhoff disease: substitution of glutamine for arginine at position 505 of the beta-chain of beta-hexosaminidase results in a labile enzyme. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1993 Sep 8;1182(2):142-6. PMID:8357844
26. ↑ Kuroki Y, Itoh K, Nadaoka Y, Tanaka T, Sakuraba H. A novel missense mutation (C522Y) is present in the beta-hexosaminidase beta-subunit gene of a Japanese patient with infantile Sandhoff disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1995 Jul 17;212(2):564-71. PMID:7626071 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1995.2007
27. ↑ Gomez-Lira M, Sangalli A, Mottes M, Perusi C, Pignatti PF, Rizzuto N, Salviati A. A common beta hexosaminidase gene mutation in adult Sandhoff disease patients. Hum Genet. 1995 Oct;96(4):417-22. PMID:7557963
28. ↑ Zhang ZX, Wakamatsu N, Akerman BR, Mules EH, Thomas GH, Gravel RA. A second, large deletion in the HEXB gene in a patient with infantile Sandhoff disease. Hum Mol Genet. 1995 Apr;4(4):777-80. PMID:7633435
29. ↑ Redonnet-Vernhet I, Mahuran DJ, Salvayre R, Dubas F, Levade T. Significance of two point mutations present in each HEXB allele of patients with adult GM2 gangliosidosis (Sandhoff disease) homozygosity for the Ile207-->Val substitution is not associated with a clinical or biochemical phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1996 Nov 15;1317(2):127-33. PMID:8950198
30. ↑ Narkis G, Adam A, Jaber L, Pennybacker M, Proia RL, Navon R. Molecular basis of heat labile hexosaminidase B among Jews and Arabs. Hum Mutat. 1997;10(6):424-9. PMID:9401004 doi:<424::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-D 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(1997)10:6<424::AID-HUMU2>3.0.CO;2-D
31. ↑ Fujimaru M, Tanaka A, Choeh K, Wakamatsu N, Sakuraba H, Isshiki G. Two mutations remote from an exon/intron junction in the beta-hexosaminidase beta-subunit gene affect 3'-splice site selection and cause Sandhoff disease. Hum Genet. 1998 Oct;103(4):462-9. PMID:9856491
32. ↑ Hou Y, McInnes B, Hinek A, Karpati G, Mahuran D. A Pro504 --> Ser substitution in the beta-subunit of beta-hexosaminidase A inhibits alpha-subunit hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside, resulting in chronic Sandhoff disease. J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 14;273(33):21386-92. PMID:9694901
33. ↑ Lemieux MJ, Mark BL, Cherney MM, Withers SG, Mahuran DJ, James MN. Crystallographic structure of human beta-hexosaminidase A: interpretation of Tay-Sachs mutations and loss of GM2 ganglioside hydrolysis. J Mol Biol. 2006 Jun 16;359(4):913-29. Epub 2006 Apr 27. PMID:16698036 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2006.04.004