| Structural highlights
Disease
[PLMN_HUMAN] Defects in PLG are the cause of plasminogen deficiency (PLGD) [MIM:217090]. PLGD is characterized by decreased serum plasminogen activity. Two forms of the disorder are distinguished: type 1 deficiency is additionally characterized by decreased plasminogen antigen levels and clinical symptoms, whereas type 2 deficiency, also known as dysplasminogenemia, is characterized by normal, or slightly reduced antigen levels, and absence of clinical manifestations. Plasminogen deficiency type 1 results in markedly impaired extracellular fibrinolysis and chronic mucosal pseudomembranous lesions due to subepithelial fibrin deposition and inflammation. The most common clinical manifestation of type 1 deficiency is ligneous conjunctivitis in which pseudomembranes formation on the palpebral surfaces of the eye progresses to white, yellow-white, or red thick masses with a wood-like consistency that replace the normal mucosa.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]
Function
[PLMN_HUMAN] Plasmin dissolves the fibrin of blood clots and acts as a proteolytic factor in a variety of other processes including embryonic development, tissue remodeling, tumor invasion, and inflammation. In ovulation, weakens the walls of the Graafian follicle. It activates the urokinase-type plasminogen activator, collagenases and several complement zymogens, such as C1 and C5. Cleavage of fibronectin and laminin leads to cell detachment and apoptosis. Also cleaves fibrin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor. Its role in tissue remodeling and tumor invasion may be modulated by CSPG4. Binds to cells.[9] Angiostatin is an angiogenesis inhibitor that blocks neovascularization and growth of experimental primary and metastatic tumors in vivo.[10] [IVBI1_PSETT] Strongly inhibits plasmin and trypsin. Has little effect on plasma and tissue kallikrein. Has no effect on tissue plasminogen inhibitor (t-PA), urokinase, activated protein C (APC) and elastase. Strongly inhibits whole blood clot lysis.[11] [12] [13] [14]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
Textilinin-1 is a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor from Australian brown snake venom. Its ability to potently and specifically inhibit human plasmin (K(i) = 0.44 nM) makes it a potential therapeutic drug as a systemic anti-bleeding agent. The crystal structures of the human microplasmin-textilinin-1 and the trypsin-textilinin-1 complexes have been determined to 2.78 A and 1.64 A resolution respectively, and show that textilinin-1 binds to trypsin in a canonical mode but to microplasmin in an atypical mode with the catalytic histidine of microplasmin rotated out of the active site. The space vacated by the histidine side-chain in this complex is partially occupied by a water molecule. In the structure of microplasminogen the chi(1) dihedral angle of the side-chain of the catalytic histidine is rotated by 67 degrees from its "active" position in the catalytic triad, as exemplified by its location when microplasmin is bound to streptokinase. However, when textilinin-1 binds to microplasmin the chi(1) dihedral angle of this amino acid residue changes by -157 degrees (i.e. in the opposite rotation direction compared to microplasminogen). The unusual mode of interaction between textilinin-1 and plasmin explains textilinin-1's selectivity for human plasmin over plasma kallikrein. This difference can be exploited in future drug design efforts.
The structure of human microplasmin in complex with textilinin-1, an aprotinin-like inhibitor from the Australian brown snake.,Millers EK, Johnson LA, Birrell GW, Masci PP, Lavin MF, de Jersey J, Guddat LW PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54104. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054104. Epub 2013 Jan 15. PMID:23335990[15]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
See Also
References
- ↑ Ichinose A, Espling ES, Takamatsu J, Saito H, Shinmyozu K, Maruyama I, Petersen TE, Davie EW. Two types of abnormal genes for plasminogen in families with a predisposition for thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jan 1;88(1):115-9. PMID:1986355
- ↑ Azuma H, Uno Y, Shigekiyo T, Saito S. Congenital plasminogen deficiency caused by a Ser572 to Pro mutation. Blood. 1993 Jul 15;82(2):475-80. PMID:8392398
- ↑ Miyata T, Iwanaga S, Sakata Y, Aoki N. Plasminogen Tochigi: inactive plasmin resulting from replacement of alanine-600 by threonine in the active site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1982 Oct;79(20):6132-6. PMID:6216475
- ↑ Miyata T, Iwanaga S, Sakata Y, Aoki N, Takamatsu J, Kamiya T. Plasminogens Tochigi II and Nagoya: two additional molecular defects with Ala-600----Thr replacement found in plasmin light chain variants. J Biochem. 1984 Aug;96(2):277-87. PMID:6238949
- ↑ Kikuchi S, Yamanouchi Y, Li L, Kobayashi K, Ijima H, Miyazaki R, Tsuchiya S, Hamaguchi H. Plasminogen with type-I mutation is polymorphic in the Japanese population. Hum Genet. 1992 Sep-Oct;90(1-2):7-11. PMID:1427790
- ↑ Schuster V, Mingers AM, Seidenspinner S, Nussgens Z, Pukrop T, Kreth HW. Homozygous mutations in the plasminogen gene of two unrelated girls with ligneous conjunctivitis. Blood. 1997 Aug 1;90(3):958-66. PMID:9242524
- ↑ Higuchi Y, Furihata K, Ueno I, Ishikawa S, Okumura N, Tozuka M, Sakurai N. Plasminogen Kanagawa-I, a novel missense mutation, is caused by the amino acid substitution G732R. Br J Haematol. 1998 Dec;103(3):867-70. PMID:9858247
- ↑ Schuster V, Seidenspinner S, Zeitler P, Escher C, Pleyer U, Bernauer W, Stiehm ER, Isenberg S, Seregard S, Olsson T, Mingers AM, Schambeck C, Kreth HW. Compound-heterozygous mutations in the plasminogen gene predispose to the development of ligneous conjunctivitis. Blood. 1999 May 15;93(10):3457-66. PMID:10233898
- ↑ Rossignol P, Ho-Tin-Noe B, Vranckx R, Bouton MC, Meilhac O, Lijnen HR, Guillin MC, Michel JB, Angles-Cano E. Protease nexin-1 inhibits plasminogen activation-induced apoptosis of adherent cells. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 12;279(11):10346-56. Epub 2003 Dec 29. PMID:14699093 doi:10.1074/jbc.M310964200
- ↑ Rossignol P, Ho-Tin-Noe B, Vranckx R, Bouton MC, Meilhac O, Lijnen HR, Guillin MC, Michel JB, Angles-Cano E. Protease nexin-1 inhibits plasminogen activation-induced apoptosis of adherent cells. J Biol Chem. 2004 Mar 12;279(11):10346-56. Epub 2003 Dec 29. PMID:14699093 doi:10.1074/jbc.M310964200
- ↑ Filippovich I, Sorokina N, Masci PP, de Jersey J, Whitaker AN, Winzor DJ, Gaffney PJ, Lavin MF. A family of textilinin genes, two of which encode proteins with antihaemorrhagic properties. Br J Haematol. 2002 Nov;119(2):376-84. PMID:12406072
- ↑ Masci PP, Whitaker AN, Sparrow LG, de Jersey J, Winzor DJ, Watters DJ, Lavin MF, Gaffney PJ. Textilinins from Pseudonaja textilis textilis. Characterization of two plasmin inhibitors that reduce bleeding in an animal model. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2000 Jun;11(4):385-93. PMID:10847427
- ↑ Flight S, Johnson L, Trabi M, Gaffney P, Lavin M, de Jersey J, Masci P. Comparison of textilinin-1 with aprotinin as serine protease inhibitors and as antifibrinolytic agents. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb. 2005;34(4-5):188-93. PMID:16707925 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000092421
- ↑ Flight SM, Johnson LA, Du QS, Warner RL, Trabi M, Gaffney PJ, Lavin MF, de Jersey J, Masci PP. Textilinin-1, an alternative anti-bleeding agent to aprotinin: Importance of plasmin inhibition in controlling blood loss. Br J Haematol. 2009 Apr;145(2):207-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07605.x., Epub 2009 Feb 22. PMID:19236611 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07605.x
- ↑ Millers EK, Johnson LA, Birrell GW, Masci PP, Lavin MF, de Jersey J, Guddat LW. The structure of human microplasmin in complex with textilinin-1, an aprotinin-like inhibitor from the Australian brown snake. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e54104. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054104. Epub 2013 Jan 15. PMID:23335990 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054104
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