| Structural highlights
Disease
[AXIN1_HUMAN] Defects in AXIN1 are involved in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [MIM:114550].[1] [2] Defects in AXIN1 are a cause of caudal duplication anomaly (CADUA) [MIM:607864]. Caudal duplication anomaly is characterized by the occurrence of duplications of different organs in the caudal region. Note=Caudal duplication anomaly is associated with hypermethylation of the AXIN1 promoter.[3]
Function
[SIAH1_HUMAN] E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Mediates E3 ubiquitin ligase activity either through direct binding to substrates or by functioning as the essential RING domain subunit of larger E3 complexes. Triggers the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of many substrates, including proteins involved in transcription regulation (ELL2, MYB, POU2AF1, PML and RBBP8), a cell surface receptor (DCC), the cell-surface receptor-type tyrosine kinase FLT3, the cytoplasmic signal transduction molecules (KLF10/TIEG1 and NUMB), an antiapoptotic protein (BAG1), a microtubule motor protein (KIF22), a protein involved in synaptic vesicle function in neurons (SYP), a structural protein (CTNNB1) and SNCAIP. Confers constitutive instability to HIPK2 through proteasomal degradation. It is thereby involved in many cellular processes such as apoptosis, tumor suppression, cell cycle, axon guidance, transcription regulation, spermatogenesis and TNF-alpha signaling. Has some overlapping function with SIAH2. Induces apoptosis in cooperation with PEG3. Upon nitric oxid (NO) generation that follows apoptotic stimulation, interacts with S-nitrosylated GAPDH, mediating the translocation of GAPDH to the nucleus. GAPDH acts as a stabilizer of SIAH1, facilitating the degradation of nuclear proteins.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [AXIN1_HUMAN] Component of the beta-catenin destruction complex required for regulating CTNNB1 levels through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and modulating Wnt-signaling. Controls dorsoventral patterning via two opposing effects; down-regulates CTNNB1 to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway and ventralize embryos, but also dorsalizes embryos by activating a Wnt-independent JNK signaling pathway. In Wnt signaling, probably facilitates the phosphorylation of CTNNB1 and APC by GSK3B. Likely to function as a tumor suppressor. Facilitates the phosphorylation of TP53 by HIPK2 upon ultraviolet irradiation. Enhances TGF-beta signaling by recruiting the RNF111 E3 ubiquitin ligase and promoting the degradation of inhibitory SMAD7. Also component of the AXIN1-HIPK2-TP53 complex which controls cell growth, apoptosis and development.[23] [24] [25]
Publication Abstract from PubMed
The Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway plays essential roles in embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Axin is a concentration-limiting factor responsible for the formation of the beta-catenin destruction complex. Wnt signaling itself promotes the degradation of Axin. However, the underlying molecular mechanism and biological relevance of this targeting of Axin have not been elucidated. Here, we identify SIAH1/2 (SIAH) as the E3 ligase mediating Wnt-induced Axin degradation. SIAH proteins promote the ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of Axin through interacting with a VxP motif in the GSK3-binding domain of Axin, and this function of SIAH is counteracted by GSK3 binding to Axin. Structural analysis reveals that the Axin segment responsible for SIAH binding is also involved in GSK3 binding but adopts distinct conformations in Axin/SIAH and Axin/GSK3 complexes. Knockout of SIAH1 blocks Wnt-induced Axin ubiquitination and attenuates Wnt-induced beta-catenin stabilization. Our data suggest that Wnt-induced dissociation of the Axin/GSK3 complex allows SIAH to interact with Axin not associated with GSK3 and promote its degradation and that SIAH-mediated Axin degradation represents an important feed-forward mechanism to achieve sustained Wnt/beta-catenin signaling.
The SIAH E3 ubiquitin ligases promote Wnt/beta-catenin signaling through mediating Wnt-induced Axin degradation.,Ji L, Jiang B, Jiang X, Charlat O, Chen A, Mickanin C, Bauer A, Xu W, Yan X, Cong F Genes Dev. 2017 May 1;31(9):904-915. doi: 10.1101/gad.300053.117. Epub 2017 May, 25. PMID:28546513[26]
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
References
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- ↑ Taniguchi K, Roberts LR, Aderca IN, Dong X, Qian C, Murphy LM, Nagorney DM, Burgart LJ, Roche PC, Smith DI, Ross JA, Liu W. Mutational spectrum of beta-catenin, AXIN1, and AXIN2 in hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatoblastomas. Oncogene. 2002 Jul 18;21(31):4863-71. PMID:12101426 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205591
- ↑ Satoh S, Daigo Y, Furukawa Y, Kato T, Miwa N, Nishiwaki T, Kawasoe T, Ishiguro H, Fujita M, Tokino T, Sasaki Y, Imaoka S, Murata M, Shimano T, Yamaoka Y, Nakamura Y. AXIN1 mutations in hepatocellular carcinomas, and growth suppression in cancer cells by virus-mediated transfer of AXIN1. Nat Genet. 2000 Mar;24(3):245-50. PMID:10700176 doi:10.1038/73448
- ↑ Hu G, Zhang S, Vidal M, Baer JL, Xu T, Fearon ER. Mammalian homologs of seven in absentia regulate DCC via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Genes Dev. 1997 Oct 15;11(20):2701-14. PMID:9334332
- ↑ Hu G, Fearon ER. Siah-1 N-terminal RING domain is required for proteolysis function, and C-terminal sequences regulate oligomerization and binding to target proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Jan;19(1):724-32. PMID:9858595
- ↑ Germani A, Bruzzoni-Giovanelli H, Fellous A, Gisselbrecht S, Varin-Blank N, Calvo F. SIAH-1 interacts with alpha-tubulin and degrades the kinesin Kid by the proteasome pathway during mitosis. Oncogene. 2000 Dec 7;19(52):5997-6006. PMID:11146551 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204002
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- ↑ Matsuzawa SI, Reed JC. Siah-1, SIP, and Ebi collaborate in a novel pathway for beta-catenin degradation linked to p53 responses. Mol Cell. 2001 May;7(5):915-26. PMID:11389839
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- ↑ Tiedt R, Bartholdy BA, Matthias G, Newell JW, Matthias P. The RING finger protein Siah-1 regulates the level of the transcriptional coactivator OBF-1. EMBO J. 2001 Aug 1;20(15):4143-52. PMID:11483517 doi:10.1093/emboj/20.15.4143
- ↑ Boehm J, He Y, Greiner A, Staudt L, Wirth T. Regulation of BOB.1/OBF.1 stability by SIAH. EMBO J. 2001 Aug 1;20(15):4153-62. PMID:11483518 doi:10.1093/emboj/20.15.4153
- ↑ Susini L, Passer BJ, Amzallag-Elbaz N, Juven-Gershon T, Prieur S, Privat N, Tuynder M, Gendron MC, Israel A, Amson R, Oren M, Telerman A. Siah-1 binds and regulates the function of Numb. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001 Dec 18;98(26):15067-72. PMID:11752454 doi:10.1073/pnas.261571998
- ↑ Johnsen SA, Subramaniam M, Monroe DG, Janknecht R, Spelsberg TC. Modulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)/Smad transcriptional responses through targeted degradation of TGFbeta-inducible early gene-1 by human seven in absentia homologue. J Biol Chem. 2002 Aug 23;277(34):30754-9. Epub 2002 Jun 18. PMID:12072443 doi:10.1074/jbc.M204812200
- ↑ Nagano Y, Yamashita H, Takahashi T, Kishida S, Nakamura T, Iseki E, Hattori N, Mizuno Y, Kikuchi A, Matsumoto M. Siah-1 facilitates ubiquitination and degradation of synphilin-1. J Biol Chem. 2003 Dec 19;278(51):51504-14. Epub 2003 Sep 23. PMID:14506261 doi:10.1074/jbc.M306347200
- ↑ Germani A, Prabel A, Mourah S, Podgorniak MP, Di Carlo A, Ehrlich R, Gisselbrecht S, Varin-Blank N, Calvo F, Bruzzoni-Giovanelli H. SIAH-1 interacts with CtIP and promotes its degradation by the proteasome pathway. Oncogene. 2003 Dec 4;22(55):8845-51. PMID:14654780 doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206994
- ↑ Fanelli M, Fantozzi A, De Luca P, Caprodossi S, Matsuzawa S, Lazar MA, Pelicci PG, Minucci S. The coiled-coil domain is the structural determinant for mammalian homologues of Drosophila Sina-mediated degradation of promyelocytic leukemia protein and other tripartite motif proteins by the proteasome. J Biol Chem. 2004 Feb 13;279(7):5374-9. Epub 2003 Nov 25. PMID:14645235 doi:10.1074/jbc.M306407200
- ↑ Liani E, Eyal A, Avraham E, Shemer R, Szargel R, Berg D, Bornemann A, Riess O, Ross CA, Rott R, Engelender S. Ubiquitylation of synphilin-1 and alpha-synuclein by SIAH and its presence in cellular inclusions and Lewy bodies imply a role in Parkinson's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 13;101(15):5500-5. Epub 2004 Apr 2. PMID:15064394 doi:10.1073/pnas.0401081101
- ↑ Winter M, Sombroek D, Dauth I, Moehlenbrink J, Scheuermann K, Crone J, Hofmann TG. Control of HIPK2 stability by ubiquitin ligase Siah-1 and checkpoint kinases ATM and ATR. Nat Cell Biol. 2008 Jul;10(7):812-24. doi: 10.1038/ncb1743. Epub 2008 Jun 8. PMID:18536714 doi:10.1038/ncb1743
- ↑ Szargel R, Rott R, Eyal A, Haskin J, Shani V, Balan L, Wolosker H, Engelender S. Synphilin-1A inhibits seven in absentia homolog (SIAH) and modulates alpha-synuclein monoubiquitylation and inclusion formation. J Biol Chem. 2009 Apr 24;284(17):11706-16. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M805990200. Epub 2009, Feb 17. PMID:19224863 doi:10.1074/jbc.M805990200
- ↑ Buchwald M, Pietschmann K, Muller JP, Bohmer FD, Heinzel T, Kramer OH. Ubiquitin conjugase UBCH8 targets active FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 for proteasomal degradation. Leukemia. 2010 Aug;24(8):1412-21. doi: 10.1038/leu.2010.114. Epub 2010 May 27. PMID:20508617 doi:10.1038/leu.2010.114
- ↑ Liu M, Hsu J, Chan C, Li Z, Zhou Q. The ubiquitin ligase Siah1 controls ELL2 stability and formation of super elongation complexes to modulate gene transcription. Mol Cell. 2012 May 11;46(3):325-34. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2012.03.007. Epub 2012 , Apr 5. PMID:22483617 doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2012.03.007
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- ↑ Liu W, Rui H, Wang J, Lin S, He Y, Chen M, Li Q, Ye Z, Zhang S, Chan SC, Chen YG, Han J, Lin SC. Axin is a scaffold protein in TGF-beta signaling that promotes degradation of Smad7 by Arkadia. EMBO J. 2006 Apr 19;25(8):1646-58. Epub 2006 Apr 6. PMID:16601693 doi:7601057
- ↑ Li Q, Wang X, Wu X, Rui Y, Liu W, Wang J, Wang X, Liou YC, Ye Z, Lin SC. Daxx cooperates with the Axin/HIPK2/p53 complex to induce cell death. Cancer Res. 2007 Jan 1;67(1):66-74. PMID:17210684 doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1671
- ↑ Ji L, Jiang B, Jiang X, Charlat O, Chen A, Mickanin C, Bauer A, Xu W, Yan X, Cong F. The SIAH E3 ubiquitin ligases promote Wnt/beta-catenin signaling through mediating Wnt-induced Axin degradation. Genes Dev. 2017 May 1;31(9):904-915. doi: 10.1101/gad.300053.117. Epub 2017 May, 25. PMID:28546513 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.300053.117
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