Abrin

Introduction

Abrus precatorius (or rosary peas) contain the protein abrin. Rosary peas are red and oval-shaped with a black edge towards one end. In some cultures, they are used to make beaded jewelry. Abrin can exhibit beneficial uses for medical research, but it can also be destructive if it directly enters an organism’s body because of its toxic properties.

Structure

Abrin is referred to as a type-2 ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP). The protein contains two chains: and which are connected by a disulfide bond. Both of the chains are . The water molecules hydrolyze the N-C glycosidic bond. The β chain allows the α chain to enter a cell because it attaches to the carbohydrate receptors. The β is composed of the following amino acids: Ile-Val-Glu-Lys-Ser-Lys-Ile-Ser-Ser-Ser-Arg-Tyr-Glu-Pro-Thr. The α chain is known as an N-glycosidase ^[1]. Once the α chain is in a cell, the chain removes adenine bases and links to the 28S rRNA^[2]. The attachment causes the ribosome to be incompetent when trying to connect to an elongation factor leading to an inhibition of protein synthesis.

Medical Potential

Abrin has remained a key interest in a treatment for cancer. In one study, scientists wanted to see if abrin would decrease the number of colon cancer cells in vitro and vivo models. One experiment showed that purified abrin can influence cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The study states abrin “significantly increased p21 mRNA expression and decreased PCNA, cyclin B1, Ki67 mRNA expression” ^[1] Someone who has been poisoned by abrin will need fluids, a ventilator, and activated charcoal. Another method for suppressing the symptoms of abrin poisoning is to use CRRT and hemoperfusion. CRRT purifies the blood for a day’s duration. CRRT can destroy toxins up to 1-20kDa in size. Hemoperfusion, which is more effective than CRRT can filter the blood and cause a decrease in levels of the toxin. While these methods have the potential for successfully clearing a toxin, it is still essential for those that have been exposed to a toxin to seek medical help, fast and efficiently^[3].

Bioterrorism/Prevention

Abrin is very similar to ricin because of its structure and functions. While abrin hasn’t been used for bioterrorism, there have been multiple occasions of ricin misuse. For example, in London of 1978, Georgi Markov was attacked by a man with an umbrella, who was employed by the Bulgarian secret service. The umbrella was designed to release a piece ricin which ended up lodging into Markov's skin. Markov died three days after being exposed to the toxin of ricin ^[4]. Other acts of bioterrorism have included envelopes with the exposure to ricin being mailed to government officials including the President. Since then a vaccine has been created to suppress the effects of ricin poisoning. However, there is still a potential for the use of abrin in a bioterrorism attack. As of right now, they are in development of a vaccine and have learned in one study that a rATB vaccine will possibly rid the symptoms of abrin poisoning^[5].